FALL 100 NUR 376 APPLIED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Inflammation75-75answer--
a75protective,75coordinated75response75of75the75body75to75an75injurious75agent.75It75invol
ves75many75cell75types75and75inflammatory75mediators75that75initiate,75modulate,75amplif
y,75and75terminate75this75response.75Characteristic75cellular75products,75tissue75change
s,75and75systemic75responses75are75associated75with75inflammation.75The75intensity75of7
5the75inflammatory75reaction75is75usually75proportional75to75the75extent75of75the75tissue75
injury.75The75major75aims75of75inflammation75are75to75wall75off75the75area75of75injury,75pr
event75spread75of75the75injurious75agent,75and75bring75the75body's75defenses75to75the75r
egion75under75attack.
inflammatory75response75-75answer--is75a75multi-
staged75process75that75involves75vascular75and75cellular75changes75but75may75also75incl
ude75systemic75changes.75White75blood75cells75(WBCs)75are75brought75to75the75damage
d75area,75and75they75secrete75mediators75that75control75the75process75from75initial75injur
y75to75resolution75or75long-
term75inflammation.75The75inflammatory75response75is75most75efficient75when75it75rids75t
he75body75of75injury,75enhances75healing75processes,75and75resolves.
Inflammatory75conditions75can75cause75discomfort,75organ75dysfunction,75and75diminish
ed75quality75of75life.
Types75of75Inflammation75-75answer--
1.Acute75Inflammation:Acute75inflammation75occurs75rapidly75in75reaction75to75cell75injur
y,75rids75the75body75of75the75offending75agent,75enhances75healing,75and75terminates75af
ter75a75short75period,75either75hours75or75a75few75days.
1.75Vascular75permeability
2.75Cellular75chemotaxis
3.75Systemic75responses
2.Chromic:75Chronic75inflammation75occurs75when75the75inflammatory75reaction75persist
s,75inhibits75healing,75and75causes75continual75cellular75damage75and75organ75dysfuncti
on.
Vascular75permeability75-75answer--
During75the75vascular75phase75at75a75site75of75inflammation,75inflammatory75mediators75
such75as75histamine75and75bradykinin75cause75the75blood75vessels75to75dilate75and75bec
,ome75more75permeable.75This75permits75fluids,75WBCs,75and75platelets75to75travel75to75t
he75site75of75injury75or75infection.75Vasodilation75of75the75arterioles75is75followed75by75en
hanced75capillary75permeability,75allowing75fluid75to75flow75out75of75the75blood75vessels75
to75the75injured75tissues.75The75increased75fluid75in75the75tissues75dilutes75the75toxin75an
d75lowers75the75pH75of75the75surrounding75fluids75so75they75are75not75conducive75to75mi
crobial75growth.
Appendicitis75-75answer--
inflammation75of75the75appendix,75usually75due75to75obstruction75or75infection
Hepatitis75-75answer--inflammation75of75the75hepatocytes75or75liver
Colitis75-75answer--inflammation75of75the75colon
Arthritis75-75answer--inflammation75of75Arthus75tissue75or75joints.
classic75external75signs75of75inflammation75are75known75as75the75five75cardinal75signs75-
75answer--
rubor75(redness),75tumor75(swelling),75calor75(heat),75dolor75(pain),75and75loss75of75functi
on75(function75laesa).
purulent75exudate,75or75pus75(acute)75-75answer--
fluid75that75leaves75the75capillaries75(acute).75If75the75fluid75is75rich75in75protein75from75W
BCs,75microbial75organisms,75and75cellular75debris,75it75is75called75purulent75exudate,75o
r75pus.
an75effusion75-75answer--
Any75accumulation75of75fluid75in75a75body75cavity75is75called75An75effusion75can75occur75
due75to75inflammatory75or75non-inflammatory75processes.
abscess75(acute)75-75answer--a75localized,75walled-
off75collection75of75purulent75exudate75within75tissue.
transudate75(acute)75-75answer--
fluid75that75contains75little75protein75and75is75mainly75a75watery75filtrate75of75blood
Leukocytosis.75-75answer--
an75increased75number75of75leukocytes75(WBCs)75are75released75from75the75bone75mar
row75into75the75bloodstream,75a75process75known75as75leukocytosis.75During75inflammat
ion,75the75WBC75count75in75the75blood75commonly75increases75from75a75normal75baselin
e75of754,00075to7510,00075cells/mL75to7515,00075to7520,00075cells/
mL.75The75clinician75can75use75the75number75of75WBCs75to75determine75the75severity75o
f75the75infectious75process75that75the75patient75is75experiencing.
leukemoid75reaction75-75answer--
an75extreme,75extraordinary75elevation75in75the75number75of75WBCs.75Leukemoid75react
,ions75can75raise75the75WBC75count75to7550,00075cells/
microliter75or75more.75These75reactions75can75occur75in75conditions75such75as75leukemi
a.
chemotaxis75-75answer--
During75the75cellular75phase75of75inflammation,75a75chemical75signal75from75microbial75a
gents,75endothelial75cells,75and75WBCs75attracts75platelets75and75other75WBCs75to75the7
5site75of75injury.75This75is75referred75to75as75chemotaxis.
Host75-75answer--
the75term75used75to75describe75the75human75or75animal75invaded75and75colonized75by75
a75pathogen
infection75-75answer--
the75invasion,75colonization,75and75multiplication75of75pathogens75within75the75host.
Colonization75-75answer--
indicates75that75a75pathogen75is75living75within75the75host,75but75does75not75mean75infect
ion75exists.75Infection75is75diagnosed75when75there75is75isolation75of75a75pathogen75or75e
vidence75of75its75presence75and75pathogen-related75host75symptoms.
virulence75-75answer--
Various75virulence75factors75enhance75the75pathogen's75ability75to75infect75the75host.75E
xamples75of75virulence75factors75include75pathogenic75toxins75that75destroy75host75cells,
75adhesion75factors75that75enhance75attachment75of75the75pathogen75to75the75host75cells
,75and75evasive75factors75that75shield75or75hide75the75pathogen75from75the75host's75imm
une75system.75The75severity75of75infection75depends75on75the75pathogen's75virulence75a
nd75the75strength75of75the75host's75defenses75at75the75time75of75infection.
reservoir75-75answer--
a75source75of75a75pathogenic75organism75that75may75or75may75not75be75suffering75from7
5the75disease75caused75by75the75pathogen.75A75child75suffering75from75chickenpox75wou
ld75be75considered75a75reservoir75because75he75or75she75harbors75the75transmissible75m
icroorganism.
vector75-75answer--
a75living75being75that75can75carry75the75pathogenic75organism75from75the75reservoir75to75
the75host.75Commonly75a75vector75is75an75insect,75such75as75a75mosquito,75tick,75or75ho
usefly.75A75vector75is75not75considered75infected75with75the75organism75but75is75needed7
5to75transmit75the75pathogen75to75the75host
Epidemiology75-75answer--
the75study75of75disease75distributions75in75human75populations.75Epidemiological75data75
include75incidence,75which75is75the75number75of75new75cases75of75infection75within75a75p
opulation,75and75prevalence,75which75is75the75number75of75active75ongoing75cases75of75i
nfection75at75any75given75time.
, endemic75-75answer--
A75disease75is75considered75endemic75if75the75incidence75and75prevalence75are75relativ
ely75stable;
epidemic75-75answer--
an75abrupt75increase75in75the75incidence75of75disease75within75a75geographic75region.75
A75pandemic75is75a75term75used75for75global75spread75of75a75specific75disease.
Normal75microbial75flora75-75answer--
organisms75that75perform75advantageous75functions75for75the75life75of75the75host75and75r
eside75in75a75specific75niche75in75the75human75body.75Staphylococci75live75on75skin75sur
faces;75lactobacilli,75Escherichia75coli,75and75bacteroides75reside75within75the75gastroint
estinal75(GI)75tract;75and75streptococci75are75normal75inhabitants75of75the75vagina.75Micr
oorganisms75that75serve75as75normal75flora75secrete75needed75nutrients,75perform75nec
essary75metabolic75activities,75and75help75defend75the75body75against75other75microorga
nisms.75Normal75flora75do75not75cause75infection75when75they75remain75within75the75stric
t75boundaries75of75their75anatomical75niche75in75the75body.75However,75if75normal75flora7
5bacteria75invade75noncolonized75areas75of75the75body,75they75can75cause75infection.
immunocompetence75-75answer--
an75individual's75ability75to75protect75oneself75from75infectious75agents75because75of75a75
strong75immune75system.
Immunosuppression75-75answer--
indicates75that75there75is75a75defective75immune75system75that75is75placing75a75person75
at75risk75for75infections.75From75a75young75age,75an75immunocompetent75person75builds
75immune75defenses75and75swiftly75eliminates75many75microorganisms75as75threats75of7
5infection.75However,75if75the75individual75becomes75immunosuppressed,75common75mi
croorganisms75can75overwhelm75the75weakened75immune75defenses75and75multiply75wit
hin75the75body75to75cause75an75opportunistic75infection
opportunistic75infection,75-75answer--
an75infection75caused75by75a75microorganism75that75flourishes75because75of75a75host's75
deficient75immune75system.
a75hospital-acquired75or75health-care-acquired75infection75-75answer--
A75patient75infection75caused75by75microorganisms75that75originated75within75the75clinica
l75environment
Dermatophytes75-75answer--
fungi75that75cause75superficial75infections75involving75the75skin,75hair,75or75nails.
Protozoa75-75answer--single-
celled75organisms75present75within75the75environment75that75can75infect75the75body75thr
ough75the75skin75and75genitourinary75and75GI75tracts.75Contaminated75water,75food,75or7
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Inflammation75-75answer--
a75protective,75coordinated75response75of75the75body75to75an75injurious75agent.75It75invol
ves75many75cell75types75and75inflammatory75mediators75that75initiate,75modulate,75amplif
y,75and75terminate75this75response.75Characteristic75cellular75products,75tissue75change
s,75and75systemic75responses75are75associated75with75inflammation.75The75intensity75of7
5the75inflammatory75reaction75is75usually75proportional75to75the75extent75of75the75tissue75
injury.75The75major75aims75of75inflammation75are75to75wall75off75the75area75of75injury,75pr
event75spread75of75the75injurious75agent,75and75bring75the75body's75defenses75to75the75r
egion75under75attack.
inflammatory75response75-75answer--is75a75multi-
staged75process75that75involves75vascular75and75cellular75changes75but75may75also75incl
ude75systemic75changes.75White75blood75cells75(WBCs)75are75brought75to75the75damage
d75area,75and75they75secrete75mediators75that75control75the75process75from75initial75injur
y75to75resolution75or75long-
term75inflammation.75The75inflammatory75response75is75most75efficient75when75it75rids75t
he75body75of75injury,75enhances75healing75processes,75and75resolves.
Inflammatory75conditions75can75cause75discomfort,75organ75dysfunction,75and75diminish
ed75quality75of75life.
Types75of75Inflammation75-75answer--
1.Acute75Inflammation:Acute75inflammation75occurs75rapidly75in75reaction75to75cell75injur
y,75rids75the75body75of75the75offending75agent,75enhances75healing,75and75terminates75af
ter75a75short75period,75either75hours75or75a75few75days.
1.75Vascular75permeability
2.75Cellular75chemotaxis
3.75Systemic75responses
2.Chromic:75Chronic75inflammation75occurs75when75the75inflammatory75reaction75persist
s,75inhibits75healing,75and75causes75continual75cellular75damage75and75organ75dysfuncti
on.
Vascular75permeability75-75answer--
During75the75vascular75phase75at75a75site75of75inflammation,75inflammatory75mediators75
such75as75histamine75and75bradykinin75cause75the75blood75vessels75to75dilate75and75bec
,ome75more75permeable.75This75permits75fluids,75WBCs,75and75platelets75to75travel75to75t
he75site75of75injury75or75infection.75Vasodilation75of75the75arterioles75is75followed75by75en
hanced75capillary75permeability,75allowing75fluid75to75flow75out75of75the75blood75vessels75
to75the75injured75tissues.75The75increased75fluid75in75the75tissues75dilutes75the75toxin75an
d75lowers75the75pH75of75the75surrounding75fluids75so75they75are75not75conducive75to75mi
crobial75growth.
Appendicitis75-75answer--
inflammation75of75the75appendix,75usually75due75to75obstruction75or75infection
Hepatitis75-75answer--inflammation75of75the75hepatocytes75or75liver
Colitis75-75answer--inflammation75of75the75colon
Arthritis75-75answer--inflammation75of75Arthus75tissue75or75joints.
classic75external75signs75of75inflammation75are75known75as75the75five75cardinal75signs75-
75answer--
rubor75(redness),75tumor75(swelling),75calor75(heat),75dolor75(pain),75and75loss75of75functi
on75(function75laesa).
purulent75exudate,75or75pus75(acute)75-75answer--
fluid75that75leaves75the75capillaries75(acute).75If75the75fluid75is75rich75in75protein75from75W
BCs,75microbial75organisms,75and75cellular75debris,75it75is75called75purulent75exudate,75o
r75pus.
an75effusion75-75answer--
Any75accumulation75of75fluid75in75a75body75cavity75is75called75An75effusion75can75occur75
due75to75inflammatory75or75non-inflammatory75processes.
abscess75(acute)75-75answer--a75localized,75walled-
off75collection75of75purulent75exudate75within75tissue.
transudate75(acute)75-75answer--
fluid75that75contains75little75protein75and75is75mainly75a75watery75filtrate75of75blood
Leukocytosis.75-75answer--
an75increased75number75of75leukocytes75(WBCs)75are75released75from75the75bone75mar
row75into75the75bloodstream,75a75process75known75as75leukocytosis.75During75inflammat
ion,75the75WBC75count75in75the75blood75commonly75increases75from75a75normal75baselin
e75of754,00075to7510,00075cells/mL75to7515,00075to7520,00075cells/
mL.75The75clinician75can75use75the75number75of75WBCs75to75determine75the75severity75o
f75the75infectious75process75that75the75patient75is75experiencing.
leukemoid75reaction75-75answer--
an75extreme,75extraordinary75elevation75in75the75number75of75WBCs.75Leukemoid75react
,ions75can75raise75the75WBC75count75to7550,00075cells/
microliter75or75more.75These75reactions75can75occur75in75conditions75such75as75leukemi
a.
chemotaxis75-75answer--
During75the75cellular75phase75of75inflammation,75a75chemical75signal75from75microbial75a
gents,75endothelial75cells,75and75WBCs75attracts75platelets75and75other75WBCs75to75the7
5site75of75injury.75This75is75referred75to75as75chemotaxis.
Host75-75answer--
the75term75used75to75describe75the75human75or75animal75invaded75and75colonized75by75
a75pathogen
infection75-75answer--
the75invasion,75colonization,75and75multiplication75of75pathogens75within75the75host.
Colonization75-75answer--
indicates75that75a75pathogen75is75living75within75the75host,75but75does75not75mean75infect
ion75exists.75Infection75is75diagnosed75when75there75is75isolation75of75a75pathogen75or75e
vidence75of75its75presence75and75pathogen-related75host75symptoms.
virulence75-75answer--
Various75virulence75factors75enhance75the75pathogen's75ability75to75infect75the75host.75E
xamples75of75virulence75factors75include75pathogenic75toxins75that75destroy75host75cells,
75adhesion75factors75that75enhance75attachment75of75the75pathogen75to75the75host75cells
,75and75evasive75factors75that75shield75or75hide75the75pathogen75from75the75host's75imm
une75system.75The75severity75of75infection75depends75on75the75pathogen's75virulence75a
nd75the75strength75of75the75host's75defenses75at75the75time75of75infection.
reservoir75-75answer--
a75source75of75a75pathogenic75organism75that75may75or75may75not75be75suffering75from7
5the75disease75caused75by75the75pathogen.75A75child75suffering75from75chickenpox75wou
ld75be75considered75a75reservoir75because75he75or75she75harbors75the75transmissible75m
icroorganism.
vector75-75answer--
a75living75being75that75can75carry75the75pathogenic75organism75from75the75reservoir75to75
the75host.75Commonly75a75vector75is75an75insect,75such75as75a75mosquito,75tick,75or75ho
usefly.75A75vector75is75not75considered75infected75with75the75organism75but75is75needed7
5to75transmit75the75pathogen75to75the75host
Epidemiology75-75answer--
the75study75of75disease75distributions75in75human75populations.75Epidemiological75data75
include75incidence,75which75is75the75number75of75new75cases75of75infection75within75a75p
opulation,75and75prevalence,75which75is75the75number75of75active75ongoing75cases75of75i
nfection75at75any75given75time.
, endemic75-75answer--
A75disease75is75considered75endemic75if75the75incidence75and75prevalence75are75relativ
ely75stable;
epidemic75-75answer--
an75abrupt75increase75in75the75incidence75of75disease75within75a75geographic75region.75
A75pandemic75is75a75term75used75for75global75spread75of75a75specific75disease.
Normal75microbial75flora75-75answer--
organisms75that75perform75advantageous75functions75for75the75life75of75the75host75and75r
eside75in75a75specific75niche75in75the75human75body.75Staphylococci75live75on75skin75sur
faces;75lactobacilli,75Escherichia75coli,75and75bacteroides75reside75within75the75gastroint
estinal75(GI)75tract;75and75streptococci75are75normal75inhabitants75of75the75vagina.75Micr
oorganisms75that75serve75as75normal75flora75secrete75needed75nutrients,75perform75nec
essary75metabolic75activities,75and75help75defend75the75body75against75other75microorga
nisms.75Normal75flora75do75not75cause75infection75when75they75remain75within75the75stric
t75boundaries75of75their75anatomical75niche75in75the75body.75However,75if75normal75flora7
5bacteria75invade75noncolonized75areas75of75the75body,75they75can75cause75infection.
immunocompetence75-75answer--
an75individual's75ability75to75protect75oneself75from75infectious75agents75because75of75a75
strong75immune75system.
Immunosuppression75-75answer--
indicates75that75there75is75a75defective75immune75system75that75is75placing75a75person75
at75risk75for75infections.75From75a75young75age,75an75immunocompetent75person75builds
75immune75defenses75and75swiftly75eliminates75many75microorganisms75as75threats75of7
5infection.75However,75if75the75individual75becomes75immunosuppressed,75common75mi
croorganisms75can75overwhelm75the75weakened75immune75defenses75and75multiply75wit
hin75the75body75to75cause75an75opportunistic75infection
opportunistic75infection,75-75answer--
an75infection75caused75by75a75microorganism75that75flourishes75because75of75a75host's75
deficient75immune75system.
a75hospital-acquired75or75health-care-acquired75infection75-75answer--
A75patient75infection75caused75by75microorganisms75that75originated75within75the75clinica
l75environment
Dermatophytes75-75answer--
fungi75that75cause75superficial75infections75involving75the75skin,75hair,75or75nails.
Protozoa75-75answer--single-
celled75organisms75present75within75the75environment75that75can75infect75the75body75thr
ough75the75skin75and75genitourinary75and75GI75tracts.75Contaminated75water,75food,75or7
