Asch’s research on conformity: unambiguous judgment
- Procedure: method, results
- Around ⅓ of the time the average participant conformed to the group
- Some subjects conformed considerably more, some none
Cognitive Dissonance: the mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes
Conformity: a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
Defining abnormality:
● Deviation from the average
● Deviation from the ideal
● Abnormality as the inability to function effectively
Disposition Causes of Behavior: Causes of behavior brought about by a person's traits or personality characteristics
Freudian defense mechanisms:
● Repression: forcing the impulse or anxiety provoking information back into the unconscious mind
● Denial: Refusing to acknowledge anxiety provoking information
● Projection: The source of an undesirable impulse is switched from the self to someone else
● Displacement: The target of an undesirable impulse is switched to a less threatening one
● Reaction Formation: An undesirable impulse is converted to its opposite
● Rationalization: Explaining away an undesirable impulse or anxiety provoking information
● Sublimation: Expressing an undesirable impulse in a more constructive way
Groupthink: a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the
ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view
Freudian personality theory: believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions that it
makes on the basis of psychological
- Psychoanalytic theory: 3 Basic elements of personality
● Id: pleasure principles
● Ego: reality principle
● Superego: conscience, ego ideal
Personality Disorder: Inflexible and maladaptive personality traits, may or may not cause personal distress
● Antisocial: lack of anxiety and guilt, remorselessly irresponsible, manipulative, hurtful to further own end, no regard for
social or legal codes
● Histrionic personality disorder: self dramatization, exaggerated emotionality, attention seeking behavior, often shallow
Major depression:
● Affective symptoms: sadness, unhappiness, apathy
● Cognitive symptoms: pessimism, guilt, loss of interest, self denigration, suicidal ideation
● Behavioral symptoms: neglect of personal appearance, psychomotor retardation, agitation
● Physiological: weight loss or gain, loss or increase in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, diminished sex drive, body
aches
Bipolar Disorder: Cycling between depression and mania
● Mania: inflated self esteem, high energy, flight of ideas, elevated moos, lack of need for sleep, irritability
Anxiety Disorders: anxiety is a symptom of all
● Panic Disorder: unpredictable panic attacks, agoraphobia
● PTSD: re-experiencing a traumatic event, intrusive memories, and dreams, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance, startle
responses, impaired concentration, temper outbursts
● Generalized anxiety disorder: persistent anxiety and worry, may or may not attach to specific issues
Schizophrenia: Bizarre behavior and speech, social withdrawal and impaired functioning, psychotic symptoms
● Severe distortions of reality, disturbed perceptions, thoughts, and emotions
● Delusions: Grandeur, Persecution, Thought broadcasting or thought insertion, bodily disintegration, delusions of
reference
● Hallucinations: auditory, visual
● Inappropriate or flat affect, incoherence
● Motor Symptoms (catatonic type): Stupor(unresponsiveness), excitement(purposeless motion), posturing (assuming
bizarre postures)
Personality: The pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiate people and that make each of us unique
- Procedure: method, results
- Around ⅓ of the time the average participant conformed to the group
- Some subjects conformed considerably more, some none
Cognitive Dissonance: the mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes
Conformity: a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
Defining abnormality:
● Deviation from the average
● Deviation from the ideal
● Abnormality as the inability to function effectively
Disposition Causes of Behavior: Causes of behavior brought about by a person's traits or personality characteristics
Freudian defense mechanisms:
● Repression: forcing the impulse or anxiety provoking information back into the unconscious mind
● Denial: Refusing to acknowledge anxiety provoking information
● Projection: The source of an undesirable impulse is switched from the self to someone else
● Displacement: The target of an undesirable impulse is switched to a less threatening one
● Reaction Formation: An undesirable impulse is converted to its opposite
● Rationalization: Explaining away an undesirable impulse or anxiety provoking information
● Sublimation: Expressing an undesirable impulse in a more constructive way
Groupthink: a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the
ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view
Freudian personality theory: believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions that it
makes on the basis of psychological
- Psychoanalytic theory: 3 Basic elements of personality
● Id: pleasure principles
● Ego: reality principle
● Superego: conscience, ego ideal
Personality Disorder: Inflexible and maladaptive personality traits, may or may not cause personal distress
● Antisocial: lack of anxiety and guilt, remorselessly irresponsible, manipulative, hurtful to further own end, no regard for
social or legal codes
● Histrionic personality disorder: self dramatization, exaggerated emotionality, attention seeking behavior, often shallow
Major depression:
● Affective symptoms: sadness, unhappiness, apathy
● Cognitive symptoms: pessimism, guilt, loss of interest, self denigration, suicidal ideation
● Behavioral symptoms: neglect of personal appearance, psychomotor retardation, agitation
● Physiological: weight loss or gain, loss or increase in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, diminished sex drive, body
aches
Bipolar Disorder: Cycling between depression and mania
● Mania: inflated self esteem, high energy, flight of ideas, elevated moos, lack of need for sleep, irritability
Anxiety Disorders: anxiety is a symptom of all
● Panic Disorder: unpredictable panic attacks, agoraphobia
● PTSD: re-experiencing a traumatic event, intrusive memories, and dreams, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance, startle
responses, impaired concentration, temper outbursts
● Generalized anxiety disorder: persistent anxiety and worry, may or may not attach to specific issues
Schizophrenia: Bizarre behavior and speech, social withdrawal and impaired functioning, psychotic symptoms
● Severe distortions of reality, disturbed perceptions, thoughts, and emotions
● Delusions: Grandeur, Persecution, Thought broadcasting or thought insertion, bodily disintegration, delusions of
reference
● Hallucinations: auditory, visual
● Inappropriate or flat affect, incoherence
● Motor Symptoms (catatonic type): Stupor(unresponsiveness), excitement(purposeless motion), posturing (assuming
bizarre postures)
Personality: The pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiate people and that make each of us unique
