,Chapter 1 Issues and Trends in Pediatric Nursing
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
Multiple Choice
cf
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
cf cf c f cf c f c f cf cf c f cf cf
1. The nurse has provided a presentation to middle school children about nursing as a
cf cf c f c f c f cf c f c f cf cf c f c f c f
career. One of the children stated that he wanted to be a pediatric nurse, because
cf cf cf cf c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
he wants to take care of babies and little ―kids.‖ What would be an appropriate
c f c f c f c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
response to this middle school–aged child?
c f c f c f c f cf c f
1. ―Nursing is a general practice; all nurses must know how to take care of c f cf cf c f cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf
all ages of patients.‖
cf cf cf cf
2. ―As a pediatric nurse, you would get to care for babies and little kids as
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
well as children through their teenage years.‖
cf cf cf cf cf c f c f
3. ―What you are describing is actually a neonatal nurse. Neonatal nurses work
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with newborn babies, toddlers, and preschool-age children.‖
cf cf cf c f c f cf cf
4. ―Being a pediatric nurse requires a master’s degree, so be sure to work
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
hard in school!‖ c f cf cf
2. The medical-surgical float nurse is assigned to the pediatric unit for the first time and states
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
that the skills are ―the same as general nursing since children are little adults with smaller
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
bodies.‖ What component of pediatric nursing contraindicates this statement?
cf c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f
1. Pediatric nursing involves care based on the developmental level of the patient.
cf c f c f cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f
2. Pediatric nursing involves the patient’s family in the plan of care. cf c f c f cf c f c f cf cf cf cf
3. Pediatric nursing in based on prevention of infectious diseases. cf cf c f cf cf cf cf c f
4. Pediatric nursing involves cultural sensitivity in patient care. cf c f cf cf c f cf cf
3. The culturally sensitive pediatric nurse is aware of the racial makeup of the U.S.
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f cf c f
population. Which of the following reflects the demographics of the U.S. pediatric population
c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
in 2018, based on U.S. Census Bureau data?
cf cf c f cf cf c f c f cf
1. The American Indian and Alaska Native population represent one-fifth of
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the pediatric population.
cf cf cf
2. About half of the children fall in the category of something other than White
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
non- Hispanic. c f cf
3. The population of Asian children decreased from 2015 to 2018.
cf c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f
4. There was no change in the population of Non-Hispanic children who
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
represent two or more races between 2015 and 2018.
cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
4. The nurse at a family clinic is providing care to an adolescent patient diagnosed with
cf cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f c f cf
diabetes. The patient has verbalized discomfort with the feelings of isolation when
cf cf c f c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f cf
unable to drink alcohol with their friends. Which of the following would be the most
cf c f c f cf cf c f c f c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f
appropriate response to this statement?
c f c f c f cf cf
1. ―Drinking alcohol is not only illegal but dangerous for your blood sugar cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
control and overall well-being.‖
c f cf cf cf
2. ―You can still drink alcohol, in moderation, if you control the sugar spike
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with more insulin.‖
c f c f cf
3. ―Prepare for alcohol intake with more water and less carbohydrates before cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
drinking to slow sugar spikes.‖
cf cf c f cf c f
4. ―It is understandable that you want to be included, but perhaps we can work
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
out a plan on how to work through those situations.‖
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
,5. Which statement best describes the common core concepts of the different models of
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
pediatric nursing?
c f cf
1. All models focus on the open communication between the child and nurse.
cf c f c f cf cf cf c f cf c f c f c f
2. All models focus on importance of family relationship to the child.
c f c f c f cf cf cf cf c f cf cf
3. All models focus on safeguarding the child’s dignity during care.
cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf cf
4. All models focus on coordination of care needs that arise during illness.
cf c f c f cf cf cf cf cf c f cf c f
6. Which of the following tasks is associated with the pediatric medical home care
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f c f c f
model of pediatric nursing?
cf cf cf cf
1. The nurse refers the family to a childhood cancer support group prior to
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf cf cf
discharge from the hospital.
c f c f cf cf
2. The nurse includes a simple explanation of the procedure to the child based on
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
the child’s developmental level.
cf cf cf cf
3. The nurse includes the family’s cultural celebrations and observations
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
while providing care to the child.
cf cf cf cf cf cf
4. The nurse develops the plan of care with the child and family as the focal
cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f
point of the interventions.
cf cf cf c f
7. The pediatric nurse begins a research project on 8-year-old patients with the
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
medical diagnosis of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). The
c f cf cf cf c f c f cf cf c f
family has consented to the research, but as the nurse begins to administer the
c f cf cf cf c f c f c f c f cf cf c f c f c f cf
intervention, the patient refuses to cooperate. What is the appropriate response to
c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
this refusal?
c f c f
1. The nurse should discuss with the family the options of performing
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the intervention without the child’s knowledge.
cf cf cf cf cf cf
2. The nurse should explain to the child that this is necessary and promise
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf c f c f cf cf
a reward at the end of the research project.
c f cf cf c f cf c f cf cf cf
3. The nurse should refuse to perform the intervention until the child consents to
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the intervention and project.
cf c f cf cf
4. The nurse should discuss the pros and cons of the research project with the
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f cf c f cf
child and focus on the outcomes.
cf cf c f cf cf cf
8. A nurse is providing relationship-based care to a pediatric patient. Which of the
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
following is a challenge the nurse is likely to encounter while using this
cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
model of care?
c f c f c f
1. Maintaining a sterile field for a procedure with a restless toddler cf cf c f c f cf cf cf cf cf c f
2. Communicating with the blended family on regular basis cf cf cf c f cf cf cf
3. Treating children with antibiotic-resistant illnesses cf cf cf cf
4. Caring for a larger number of children with autism spectrum disorders
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
and childhood depression
cf cf cf
9. The pediatric nurse desires to expand his or her career options to become the
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
hospital’s nurse educator of pediatrics. Which of the following is necessary for this
c f cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf c f cf cf cf
nurse to achieve this career goal?
c f cf c f cf cf c f
1. The nurse is recommended to earn a minimum of a master’s degree in nursing.
cf cf c f c f c f cf c f cf cf cf c f c f c f
2. The nurse must earn a minimum of a doctorate degree in nursing.
cf cf c f cf c f cf cf cf cf c f c f
3. The nurse must implement and develop research in nursing practice.
cf cf c f c f cf c f cf c f cf
4. The nurse must implement a plan to obtain certification in pediatrics.
cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
, c f 10. The school nurse is developing a teaching session for the population of children in
c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f cf cf c f
a middle school. The nurse has determined that the greatest need for the
c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
overall health of the children is promotion of healthy foods. Which of the following
c f c f c f c f cf c f c f cf cf c f c f cf cf cf
interventions is most likely to be effective?
c f c f c f c f cf cf cf
1. Remove all unhealthy snacks from the vending machines. cf c f cf c f cf cf c f
2. Have a poster contest on healthy eating options. cf cf c f c f cf cf c f
3. Survey the student population during lunch breaks. cf cf c f c f c f cf
4. Engage the students in healthy choices with cooking lessons. cf cf c f c f c f cf cf c f
c f 11. The nurse recognizes the needs of professional development to provide safe and
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
effective care to the pediatric population by attending which of the following
c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
courses?c f
1. Procedure with rationale to administer human papilloma vaccine to the cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
middle school population
cf c f cf
2. Study review of the incidence of bullying and intimidation in the
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
elementary school population
cf cf cf
3. Demographic study of the U.S. population with regard to cultural diversity cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
and practices cf cf
4. How to provide individual health care education for the children without
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
parental interference
cf cf
c f 12. Which of the following continuing education courses would best enhance the
cf cf cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf cf
pediatric nurse’s practice in relationship to current trends?
cf cf cf c f cf c f c f cf
1. Evidence-based practice on improving antibiotic adherence with education to cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the family unit cf c f cf
2. Evidence-based practice on proper administration of antibiotics for children cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with autoimmune diseases
cf cf cf
3. How to enhance communication with children in regards to adherence to
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
antibiotic use cf cf
4. How to decrease instances of exacerbation of infections of children
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with autoimmune diseases with antibiotics
cf cf cf cf cf
c f 13. The pediatric nurse is developing interventions for a school-aged child based on
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
the nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition related to a body mass index (BMI) of
cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f
37 and poor food choices as evidenced by patient’s mother’s food diary for the
c f c f cf cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
family and child’s statements of food preferences. Which of the following would be
cf c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f
an appropriate nursing intervention?
c f c f c f c f
1. Provide the child and family with information from https://www.MyPlate.gov cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
for healthy food options.
cf c f cf cf
2. Increase the child’s activity by incorporating the child’s friends into a plan cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
of healthy exercise options.
c f cf cf cf
3. Explain the importance of balancing diet and exercise to prevent obesity to cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the child and family.cf cf c f c f
4. Provide information on the increased risk for potential disease processes such
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
as diabetes and hypertension.
cf cf cf c f
c f 14. The nurse is developing interventions for a transgender adolescent based on the nursing
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f
c f diagnosis
decreased self-esteem related to transgender identity as evidenced by statements of feeling
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
“worthless, different, and alone.” What would be the most appropriate intervention based on
c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the diagnosis? cf c f
1. Give positive feedback on personal choices as appropriate. cf cf c f cf cf cf cf
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
Multiple Choice
cf
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
cf cf c f cf c f c f cf cf c f cf cf
1. The nurse has provided a presentation to middle school children about nursing as a
cf cf c f c f c f cf c f c f cf cf c f c f c f
career. One of the children stated that he wanted to be a pediatric nurse, because
cf cf cf cf c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
he wants to take care of babies and little ―kids.‖ What would be an appropriate
c f c f c f c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
response to this middle school–aged child?
c f c f c f c f cf c f
1. ―Nursing is a general practice; all nurses must know how to take care of c f cf cf c f cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf
all ages of patients.‖
cf cf cf cf
2. ―As a pediatric nurse, you would get to care for babies and little kids as
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
well as children through their teenage years.‖
cf cf cf cf cf c f c f
3. ―What you are describing is actually a neonatal nurse. Neonatal nurses work
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with newborn babies, toddlers, and preschool-age children.‖
cf cf cf c f c f cf cf
4. ―Being a pediatric nurse requires a master’s degree, so be sure to work
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
hard in school!‖ c f cf cf
2. The medical-surgical float nurse is assigned to the pediatric unit for the first time and states
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
that the skills are ―the same as general nursing since children are little adults with smaller
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
bodies.‖ What component of pediatric nursing contraindicates this statement?
cf c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f
1. Pediatric nursing involves care based on the developmental level of the patient.
cf c f c f cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f
2. Pediatric nursing involves the patient’s family in the plan of care. cf c f c f cf c f c f cf cf cf cf
3. Pediatric nursing in based on prevention of infectious diseases. cf cf c f cf cf cf cf c f
4. Pediatric nursing involves cultural sensitivity in patient care. cf c f cf cf c f cf cf
3. The culturally sensitive pediatric nurse is aware of the racial makeup of the U.S.
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f cf c f
population. Which of the following reflects the demographics of the U.S. pediatric population
c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
in 2018, based on U.S. Census Bureau data?
cf cf c f cf cf c f c f cf
1. The American Indian and Alaska Native population represent one-fifth of
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the pediatric population.
cf cf cf
2. About half of the children fall in the category of something other than White
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
non- Hispanic. c f cf
3. The population of Asian children decreased from 2015 to 2018.
cf c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f
4. There was no change in the population of Non-Hispanic children who
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
represent two or more races between 2015 and 2018.
cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
4. The nurse at a family clinic is providing care to an adolescent patient diagnosed with
cf cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f c f cf
diabetes. The patient has verbalized discomfort with the feelings of isolation when
cf cf c f c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f cf
unable to drink alcohol with their friends. Which of the following would be the most
cf c f c f cf cf c f c f c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f
appropriate response to this statement?
c f c f c f cf cf
1. ―Drinking alcohol is not only illegal but dangerous for your blood sugar cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
control and overall well-being.‖
c f cf cf cf
2. ―You can still drink alcohol, in moderation, if you control the sugar spike
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with more insulin.‖
c f c f cf
3. ―Prepare for alcohol intake with more water and less carbohydrates before cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
drinking to slow sugar spikes.‖
cf cf c f cf c f
4. ―It is understandable that you want to be included, but perhaps we can work
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
out a plan on how to work through those situations.‖
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
,5. Which statement best describes the common core concepts of the different models of
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
pediatric nursing?
c f cf
1. All models focus on the open communication between the child and nurse.
cf c f c f cf cf cf c f cf c f c f c f
2. All models focus on importance of family relationship to the child.
c f c f c f cf cf cf cf c f cf cf
3. All models focus on safeguarding the child’s dignity during care.
cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf cf
4. All models focus on coordination of care needs that arise during illness.
cf c f c f cf cf cf cf cf c f cf c f
6. Which of the following tasks is associated with the pediatric medical home care
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f c f c f
model of pediatric nursing?
cf cf cf cf
1. The nurse refers the family to a childhood cancer support group prior to
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf cf cf
discharge from the hospital.
c f c f cf cf
2. The nurse includes a simple explanation of the procedure to the child based on
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
the child’s developmental level.
cf cf cf cf
3. The nurse includes the family’s cultural celebrations and observations
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
while providing care to the child.
cf cf cf cf cf cf
4. The nurse develops the plan of care with the child and family as the focal
cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf c f
point of the interventions.
cf cf cf c f
7. The pediatric nurse begins a research project on 8-year-old patients with the
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
medical diagnosis of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). The
c f cf cf cf c f c f cf cf c f
family has consented to the research, but as the nurse begins to administer the
c f cf cf cf c f c f c f c f cf cf c f c f c f cf
intervention, the patient refuses to cooperate. What is the appropriate response to
c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
this refusal?
c f c f
1. The nurse should discuss with the family the options of performing
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the intervention without the child’s knowledge.
cf cf cf cf cf cf
2. The nurse should explain to the child that this is necessary and promise
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf c f c f cf cf
a reward at the end of the research project.
c f cf cf c f cf c f cf cf cf
3. The nurse should refuse to perform the intervention until the child consents to
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the intervention and project.
cf c f cf cf
4. The nurse should discuss the pros and cons of the research project with the
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f cf c f cf
child and focus on the outcomes.
cf cf c f cf cf cf
8. A nurse is providing relationship-based care to a pediatric patient. Which of the
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
following is a challenge the nurse is likely to encounter while using this
cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
model of care?
c f c f c f
1. Maintaining a sterile field for a procedure with a restless toddler cf cf c f c f cf cf cf cf cf c f
2. Communicating with the blended family on regular basis cf cf cf c f cf cf cf
3. Treating children with antibiotic-resistant illnesses cf cf cf cf
4. Caring for a larger number of children with autism spectrum disorders
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
and childhood depression
cf cf cf
9. The pediatric nurse desires to expand his or her career options to become the
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
hospital’s nurse educator of pediatrics. Which of the following is necessary for this
c f cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf c f cf cf cf
nurse to achieve this career goal?
c f cf c f cf cf c f
1. The nurse is recommended to earn a minimum of a master’s degree in nursing.
cf cf c f c f c f cf c f cf cf cf c f c f c f
2. The nurse must earn a minimum of a doctorate degree in nursing.
cf cf c f cf c f cf cf cf cf c f c f
3. The nurse must implement and develop research in nursing practice.
cf cf c f c f cf c f cf c f cf
4. The nurse must implement a plan to obtain certification in pediatrics.
cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
, c f 10. The school nurse is developing a teaching session for the population of children in
c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f cf cf c f
a middle school. The nurse has determined that the greatest need for the
c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
overall health of the children is promotion of healthy foods. Which of the following
c f c f c f c f cf c f c f cf cf c f c f cf cf cf
interventions is most likely to be effective?
c f c f c f c f cf cf cf
1. Remove all unhealthy snacks from the vending machines. cf c f cf c f cf cf c f
2. Have a poster contest on healthy eating options. cf cf c f c f cf cf c f
3. Survey the student population during lunch breaks. cf cf c f c f c f cf
4. Engage the students in healthy choices with cooking lessons. cf cf c f c f c f cf cf c f
c f 11. The nurse recognizes the needs of professional development to provide safe and
cf cf cf c f cf cf cf cf cf cf c f cf
effective care to the pediatric population by attending which of the following
c f cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
courses?c f
1. Procedure with rationale to administer human papilloma vaccine to the cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
middle school population
cf c f cf
2. Study review of the incidence of bullying and intimidation in the
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
elementary school population
cf cf cf
3. Demographic study of the U.S. population with regard to cultural diversity cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
and practices cf cf
4. How to provide individual health care education for the children without
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
parental interference
cf cf
c f 12. Which of the following continuing education courses would best enhance the
cf cf cf c f cf cf c f cf cf cf cf
pediatric nurse’s practice in relationship to current trends?
cf cf cf c f cf c f c f cf
1. Evidence-based practice on improving antibiotic adherence with education to cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the family unit cf c f cf
2. Evidence-based practice on proper administration of antibiotics for children cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with autoimmune diseases
cf cf cf
3. How to enhance communication with children in regards to adherence to
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
antibiotic use cf cf
4. How to decrease instances of exacerbation of infections of children
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
with autoimmune diseases with antibiotics
cf cf cf cf cf
c f 13. The pediatric nurse is developing interventions for a school-aged child based on
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
the nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition related to a body mass index (BMI) of
cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f cf c f
37 and poor food choices as evidenced by patient’s mother’s food diary for the
c f c f cf cf cf c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f
family and child’s statements of food preferences. Which of the following would be
cf c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f
an appropriate nursing intervention?
c f c f c f c f
1. Provide the child and family with information from https://www.MyPlate.gov cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
for healthy food options.
cf c f cf cf
2. Increase the child’s activity by incorporating the child’s friends into a plan cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
of healthy exercise options.
c f cf cf cf
3. Explain the importance of balancing diet and exercise to prevent obesity to cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the child and family.cf cf c f c f
4. Provide information on the increased risk for potential disease processes such
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
as diabetes and hypertension.
cf cf cf c f
c f 14. The nurse is developing interventions for a transgender adolescent based on the nursing
c f c f c f c f c f c f c f c f cf c f c f c f c f c f
c f diagnosis
decreased self-esteem related to transgender identity as evidenced by statements of feeling
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
“worthless, different, and alone.” What would be the most appropriate intervention based on
c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf
the diagnosis? cf c f
1. Give positive feedback on personal choices as appropriate. cf cf c f cf cf cf cf
