MARYVILLE NURS 611 MAIN EXAM TEST 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - ✔✔55% the cell
membrane is made up of protein
✔✔What is a protein? - ✔✔A protein is made from a chain of amino acids, known as
polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each type of protein
has a unique sequence of amino acids. Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
✔✔Tight Junctions - ✔✔Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't allow things
in -they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard stool. Tight
junctions are barriers to diffusion, preventing the movement of substances through
transport proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.
✔✔Gap Junctions - ✔✔Allow for conductivity to synchronize contractions of heart
muscles through ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like the heart and
nerve cells. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels or connexons that
allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside
of another.
✔✔Desmosomes - ✔✔Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of
epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces to
maintain structural integrity.
✔✔Oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis. Occurs in
the mitochondria and is the mechanism in which energy is produced from
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this energy is transferred to ATP. When 1 mole of
glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of oxygen into CO2 and water -
686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is expressed as heat. Active
transport. Kerbs cycle.
✔✔Main cation in ICF - ✔✔Potassium
✔✔Main cation in ECF - ✔✔Sodium
✔✔What charge is inside the cell? - ✔✔Negative
✔✔What charge is outside the cell? - ✔✔Positive
The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Non-energy form of transportation. The passive movement of a solute
from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.
, ✔✔Example of diffusion - ✔✔Urea (Urea is a small solute that readily diffuses across
cellular membranes)
✔✔Facilitated diffusion - ✔✔Non-energy form of transportation. KEY and LOCK... This
is a carrier mediated process that will allow particles that are too big or charged to get
through the membrane. AGAIN, there is no energy to do this process, but you have a
limited capacity.
✔✔Facilitated diffusion example - ✔✔Glucose and ETOH
Insulin is the key that lets the glucose in.
With alcohol if you drink too much or too fast, you get inebriated. A time goes by, and
you don't keep drinking, receptors become more available and the all the alcohol can
process
✔✔Active Transport - ✔✔Active, needs ATP. Goes against the grain
✔✔Active transport example - ✔✔sodium potassium pump
✔✔What does a cell do in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔Swells
State of ECF < 0.9% (Cell SWELL). Remember water follows the area of concentrated
ions. So the water will go from the ECF into the ICF. Do NOT give this type of fluid to
someone who has cerebral edema.
✔✔What does a cell do in a isotonic solution? - ✔✔Cell remains the same
✔✔What does a cell do in a hypertonic solution? - ✔✔Shrinks
✔✔Hypotonic solution example - ✔✔¼ NS and ⅓ NS
✔✔Isotonic solution example - ✔✔Isotonic solution has the same osmolality as normal
body fluids, such as DSW, NS, LR
✔✔Hypertonic solution example - ✔✔Inside the cell: 30% H20 70% C20. Outside the
cell: 1% H20 99% C20
The ECF > 0.9%. Remember that water will go to where the ions are most
concentrated- and here they are more concentrated in the ECF so cells will give up their
water and they will shrink. Be careful giving this fluid with fluid overload.
✔✔Oncotic pressure - ✔✔The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as
the result of the presence of plasma proteins.
Keeps fluid IN the space
✔✔Hydrostatic pressure - ✔✔Movement from capillary to interstitial space affected by
pressure gradient. The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - ✔✔55% the cell
membrane is made up of protein
✔✔What is a protein? - ✔✔A protein is made from a chain of amino acids, known as
polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each type of protein
has a unique sequence of amino acids. Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
✔✔Tight Junctions - ✔✔Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't allow things
in -they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard stool. Tight
junctions are barriers to diffusion, preventing the movement of substances through
transport proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.
✔✔Gap Junctions - ✔✔Allow for conductivity to synchronize contractions of heart
muscles through ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like the heart and
nerve cells. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels or connexons that
allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside
of another.
✔✔Desmosomes - ✔✔Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of
epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces to
maintain structural integrity.
✔✔Oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis. Occurs in
the mitochondria and is the mechanism in which energy is produced from
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this energy is transferred to ATP. When 1 mole of
glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of oxygen into CO2 and water -
686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is expressed as heat. Active
transport. Kerbs cycle.
✔✔Main cation in ICF - ✔✔Potassium
✔✔Main cation in ECF - ✔✔Sodium
✔✔What charge is inside the cell? - ✔✔Negative
✔✔What charge is outside the cell? - ✔✔Positive
The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Non-energy form of transportation. The passive movement of a solute
from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.
, ✔✔Example of diffusion - ✔✔Urea (Urea is a small solute that readily diffuses across
cellular membranes)
✔✔Facilitated diffusion - ✔✔Non-energy form of transportation. KEY and LOCK... This
is a carrier mediated process that will allow particles that are too big or charged to get
through the membrane. AGAIN, there is no energy to do this process, but you have a
limited capacity.
✔✔Facilitated diffusion example - ✔✔Glucose and ETOH
Insulin is the key that lets the glucose in.
With alcohol if you drink too much or too fast, you get inebriated. A time goes by, and
you don't keep drinking, receptors become more available and the all the alcohol can
process
✔✔Active Transport - ✔✔Active, needs ATP. Goes against the grain
✔✔Active transport example - ✔✔sodium potassium pump
✔✔What does a cell do in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔Swells
State of ECF < 0.9% (Cell SWELL). Remember water follows the area of concentrated
ions. So the water will go from the ECF into the ICF. Do NOT give this type of fluid to
someone who has cerebral edema.
✔✔What does a cell do in a isotonic solution? - ✔✔Cell remains the same
✔✔What does a cell do in a hypertonic solution? - ✔✔Shrinks
✔✔Hypotonic solution example - ✔✔¼ NS and ⅓ NS
✔✔Isotonic solution example - ✔✔Isotonic solution has the same osmolality as normal
body fluids, such as DSW, NS, LR
✔✔Hypertonic solution example - ✔✔Inside the cell: 30% H20 70% C20. Outside the
cell: 1% H20 99% C20
The ECF > 0.9%. Remember that water will go to where the ions are most
concentrated- and here they are more concentrated in the ECF so cells will give up their
water and they will shrink. Be careful giving this fluid with fluid overload.
✔✔Oncotic pressure - ✔✔The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as
the result of the presence of plasma proteins.
Keeps fluid IN the space
✔✔Hydrostatic pressure - ✔✔Movement from capillary to interstitial space affected by
pressure gradient. The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes
