D115 master set-
u u
Advanced Pathophysiology for the
u u u u
AdvancedPractice Nurseu u
Whichutypeuofugeneticudiseaseuaffectsumalesumoreufrequentlyuthanufemales?u-
ucorrectu
answeruSex-
Linkedurecessive.uSinceumalesuonlyuhaveuoneuXuanduoneuY,uifutheuaffecteduchromosom
euhasutheuillness,uituwillubeuexpressed.
Inuwhichutwouconditionsuareuchromosomaluabnormalitiesutheuleadinguknownucause?u-
ucorrectuansweruIntellectualudisabilityuandufetalumiscarriage.uChromosomeuabnormalitiesu
ar
eutheuleadinguknownucauseuofuintellectualudisabilityuandufetalumiscarriage.
Whatuareuthreeuexamplesuofuprenataludiagnosticustudies?u-
ucorrectuansweruChorionicuvillususamplingu(CVS),uamniocentesis,uandupreimplantationuge
neticutestingu(PGT)uareuexamplesuofuprenataludiagnosticustudiesuanduareuperformeduinuvitr
o.uCVSuisuauformuofugeneticutestinguthatuprovidesugeneticuinformationufounduinuuterouandui
suusuallyuperformedubetweenuweeksu11uandu14uofupregnancy.uAnuamniocentesisuisuauformu
ofugeneticutestinguthatuevaluatesuamnioticufluiduanduisuusuallyuperformeduduringutheuseco
ndutrimester,ubetweenuweeksu15uandu20uofupregnancy.uPGTuisuperformeduonutheuembryoup
riorutouimplantation.
Whichugeneticudisorderuisucharacterizedubyutheupresenceuofuauzygoteuhavinguoneuchromos
omeuwithuaunormalucomplementuofugenesuanduoneuchromosomeuwithuaumissingugene?u-
ucorrectuansweruCriuduuchatusyndromeu(translateduasu"cryuofutheucat")uisucausedubyu
auDNAu
deletion.uThisutermudescribesutheucryuoftenuheardufromuaubabyuaffectedubyutheusyndrome.u
Criuduuchatusyndromeucanupresentuasuaumicrocephalic,ulowubirth-
weightubabyuwithuaupiercingucry.
HowucanuanuX-linkedurecessiveudiseaseuskipugenerations?u-
ucorrectuansweruTheudiseaseu
canubeutransmitteduthroughufemaleucarriers.
SinceufemalesuhaveutwoucopiesuofutheuXuchromosome,utheumotherumayuprovideuanuunaffec
teduXutouaudaughteruoruson.uFurthermore,uaudaughterumayunotushowusignsuofutheudiseaseub
ecauseusheuhasutheuotheruXu(theuonlyuXutheufatherucanugiveutouaufemale)utoucanceluituout.
,Whichutypeuofuriskuisureferredutouasutheuratiouofutheudiseaseurateuamongutheuentireupopulati
onutoutheudiseaseurateuinuanuunexposedupopulation?u-
ucorrectuansweruRelativeuriskuisuauratiouofuprobability,unotuanuactualuoccurrenceuofudisease.
Whatuareutheuempiricalurisksuforumostumultifactorialudiseasesubaseduon?u-
ucorrectuansweru
Manyufactorsufromulifestyleutougeneticsuaffectumultifactorialudiseases.uObs
ervationuanduevaluationuofueachucaseuindividuallyuprovidesutheumostuthoroughuanduaccura
teuassessment.
Whaturefersutoutheusilencedugeneuofuaugeneupair.u-
ucorrectuansweruTheuimprintedugeneuisu theusilentugeneuofuaugeneupair.
Whatuisutheuprimaryureasonuthatusomeuolderuadultsuhaveuimpaireduinflammationuanduwoun
duhealing?u-ucorrectuansweruTheuunderlyinguchronicuillnessuexists.
Augeneralizeduinflammatoryuresponseuseenuinuchronicuillnessudepletesutheubody'sureserve
sutoufightuagainstuillness.
Whichucellsuareutheubody'suprimaryudefenseuagainstuparasiteuinvasion?u-
ucorrectuansweruEosinophilsuareutheubody'suprimaryudefenseuagainstuparasites.
WhatuPhagocytesubacteria?u-
ucorrectuansweruMacrophagesuworkubyueatinguoru
phagocytosingubacteria.
Whatuisutheufirsturesponseutouauforeignupathogen?u-ucorrectuansweruHelperuTucells
Whichucharacteristicuisutheumostuimportantudeterminantuofuimmunogenicityuwhenuconside
ringutheuantigen?u-
ucorrectuansweruImmunogenicityuisuprimarilyubaseduonutheu
abilityutourecognizeusomethinguf
oreign.
Howuareuerythrocytesudestroyeduwhenumismatchedublooduisuadministered,ucausinguanuAB
Ouincompatibility?u-
ucorrectuansweruTheucomplementupathwayuisuactivateduinuresponseu
toublooduincompatibilit
y.
Whatuisutheuhypersensitivityureactionuthatucausesuatopicudermatitis?u-
ucorrectuansweruAnu
immediateu(typeuI)uhypersensitivityureactionucausesuatopicudermatitis.
,Whichufouruinfectionsuareuconsideredufungaluinfections?u-
ucorrectuansweruInfectionuwithuaufungusuisucalledumycosisuanduincludesudermatophytesu(e.
g.,utineas,uwhichurefersutouseveraluskinumycoses,uincludinguringwormuanduathlete'sufoot)ua
nduyeasts,uwhichuincludeucandidauanduaspergillus.
WhenuisutheuearliestuafterusexualutransmissionuofuHIVuthatulaburesultsucanudetectuinfection
?u-
ucorrectuansweruLabutestingucanudetectuHIVuRNAu4utou10udaysuafterusexualutransmission,u
whereasuHIVuantibodyutestingumayutakeu23utou90udaysutouresultuinuaupositiveutest.uRepeatute
stingumayubeuneededutouruleuoutuaufalseunegativeutestudueutoutestingutoousoonuafteruexpos
ure,uespeciallyuifuauhighulikelihooduofuexposureuisususpected.
Whatuisuaucharacteristicuofuexotoxins?u-
ucorrectuansweruExotoxinsuareureleaseduduringu
bacterialugrowth.
Whichudietaryulifestyleuchoiceuhasubeenuassociateduwithuaudecreaseduriskuforudevelopinguc
olonucancer?u-
ucorrectuansweruTheuresultsuofudecreasedufatuconsumptionuhaveubeenuwidelyustudieduandu
haveudemonstrateduaudecreaseduriskuofudevelopingucolonucancer.
Whichucanceruisuanuindividualuwhouhasuworkeduwithuasbestosuforuoveru40uyearsumostu
likelyutoudevelop?u-
ucorrectuansweruAsbestosuexposureuresultsuinuanuincreaseduriskuofu
lunguandulungulinin
gucancer.
Whichustatementuisutrueuregardinguultravioletu(UV)ulight?
Theudegreeuofudamageuisunotuaffectedubyutheulight'suwavelength.u-
ucorrectuansweruUVulightu
causesubasalucellucarcinomauandusquamousucellucarcinomauwhen
utheuUVBuraysuhituDNAu strands,ucausinguthymineubaseupairsuthatuareusideubyusideutoupairuto
gether,ubecominguthymineudimers.uTheseuthymineudimersuleadutoucelludeathuorucancer.
Whichucancerudoesuexerciseuhaveuauconvincinguimpactuonureducing?u-
ucorrectuansweru
Exercise-inducedumyokinesucauseuapoptosisuofucolonucancerucells.
Lowuhealthcareuliteracyuisurecognizeduasuaumajoruriskufactoruinubloodupressureucontroluandu
hasubeenushownutouhaveuadverseueffectsuonuhealthuoutcomes.
trueuorufalseu-ucorrectuansweruTRUE
, Byuprovidingupatientueducationuatutheuappropriateuliteracyulevel,uimproveduhealthuoutcome
sumayuresult.
OneuofutheugoalsuofutheuNationaluActionuPlanutouImproveuHealthuLiteracyuisutouincorporateur
esearchuanduevidence-baseduplansuofutreatmentufromuchildhooduthroughuuniversity-
levelueducationuinuaumanneruconsistentuwithuanuindividual'suliteracyulevel.
Trueuorufalseu-ucorrectuansweruTrue
Ensuringutheuindividualucanuunderstandualluelementsuofuautreatmentuplanuisucrucialuforuund
erstandinguanducompliance.
Whatuisuaureduflaguforulowuhealthcareuliteracy?u-
ucorrectuansweruLow uliteracyuoftenuleadsutouperceivedunoncomplianceutoumedicaluinstructio
ns,uincludingumedicationuinstructions.
Ensuringutheupatientufullyuunderstandsualluinstructionsuisucriticaluforuunderstanding.
Amniocentesisuisurecommendeduforupregnantuwomenuwithucertainuhealthuhistories.
Whichuhealthuhistoryuwoulduresultuinuanuamniocentesisurecommendation?u-
ucorrectu
answeruThoseuwhouhaveuaufamilyuhistoryuofugeneticudisorders
Studiesuhaveuidentifieduseveralugenesuthatuplayuauroleuinutheupreventionuofuobesity.
Whatudoutheseugenesuinfluence?u-ucorrectuansweruRegulationuofuappetite-
Researchuhasushownuthatugeneticumutationsumayucauseualterationsuinutheuregulationuofuap
petite.
Whichuconceptuisudataureportinguthatusickleucelludiseaseuaffectsuapproximatelyu1uinu600ubl
ackuAmericansuanuexampleuof?u-
ucorrectuansweruPrevalenceutellsuusuhow uoftenudiseaseuisuseenuinuaupopulation,uwhichuincl
udesuallupeopleuwithutheudiseaseuatuaugivenutime,uatuanyustageuinutheudiseaseuprogression.
WhatudescribesuauchromosomaludefectucausedubyuPrader-Williusyndrome?u-
ucorrectuansweruPrader-
Williusyndromeuisucausedubyuaudisorderuofuauportionuofuchromosomeu15.uNormally,uauporti
onuofuthisuchromosomeuisuinheritedufromubothuparents.uWithuPrader-
Williusyndrome,utheuchromosomeuinheritedufromutheufatheruisuproblematic.
Whichuactionuisuaupurposeuofutheuinflammatoryuprocess?u-
ucorrectuansweruPreventu
infectionuofutheuinjuredutissue
Theuinflammatoryuresponseuisuaudefenseumechanismudesignedutouremoveudamagedutissueu
southeubodyucanuheal.
u u
Advanced Pathophysiology for the
u u u u
AdvancedPractice Nurseu u
Whichutypeuofugeneticudiseaseuaffectsumalesumoreufrequentlyuthanufemales?u-
ucorrectu
answeruSex-
Linkedurecessive.uSinceumalesuonlyuhaveuoneuXuanduoneuY,uifutheuaffecteduchromosom
euhasutheuillness,uituwillubeuexpressed.
Inuwhichutwouconditionsuareuchromosomaluabnormalitiesutheuleadinguknownucause?u-
ucorrectuansweruIntellectualudisabilityuandufetalumiscarriage.uChromosomeuabnormalitiesu
ar
eutheuleadinguknownucauseuofuintellectualudisabilityuandufetalumiscarriage.
Whatuareuthreeuexamplesuofuprenataludiagnosticustudies?u-
ucorrectuansweruChorionicuvillususamplingu(CVS),uamniocentesis,uandupreimplantationuge
neticutestingu(PGT)uareuexamplesuofuprenataludiagnosticustudiesuanduareuperformeduinuvitr
o.uCVSuisuauformuofugeneticutestinguthatuprovidesugeneticuinformationufounduinuuterouandui
suusuallyuperformedubetweenuweeksu11uandu14uofupregnancy.uAnuamniocentesisuisuauformu
ofugeneticutestinguthatuevaluatesuamnioticufluiduanduisuusuallyuperformeduduringutheuseco
ndutrimester,ubetweenuweeksu15uandu20uofupregnancy.uPGTuisuperformeduonutheuembryoup
riorutouimplantation.
Whichugeneticudisorderuisucharacterizedubyutheupresenceuofuauzygoteuhavinguoneuchromos
omeuwithuaunormalucomplementuofugenesuanduoneuchromosomeuwithuaumissingugene?u-
ucorrectuansweruCriuduuchatusyndromeu(translateduasu"cryuofutheucat")uisucausedubyu
auDNAu
deletion.uThisutermudescribesutheucryuoftenuheardufromuaubabyuaffectedubyutheusyndrome.u
Criuduuchatusyndromeucanupresentuasuaumicrocephalic,ulowubirth-
weightubabyuwithuaupiercingucry.
HowucanuanuX-linkedurecessiveudiseaseuskipugenerations?u-
ucorrectuansweruTheudiseaseu
canubeutransmitteduthroughufemaleucarriers.
SinceufemalesuhaveutwoucopiesuofutheuXuchromosome,utheumotherumayuprovideuanuunaffec
teduXutouaudaughteruoruson.uFurthermore,uaudaughterumayunotushowusignsuofutheudiseaseub
ecauseusheuhasutheuotheruXu(theuonlyuXutheufatherucanugiveutouaufemale)utoucanceluituout.
,Whichutypeuofuriskuisureferredutouasutheuratiouofutheudiseaseurateuamongutheuentireupopulati
onutoutheudiseaseurateuinuanuunexposedupopulation?u-
ucorrectuansweruRelativeuriskuisuauratiouofuprobability,unotuanuactualuoccurrenceuofudisease.
Whatuareutheuempiricalurisksuforumostumultifactorialudiseasesubaseduon?u-
ucorrectuansweru
Manyufactorsufromulifestyleutougeneticsuaffectumultifactorialudiseases.uObs
ervationuanduevaluationuofueachucaseuindividuallyuprovidesutheumostuthoroughuanduaccura
teuassessment.
Whaturefersutoutheusilencedugeneuofuaugeneupair.u-
ucorrectuansweruTheuimprintedugeneuisu theusilentugeneuofuaugeneupair.
Whatuisutheuprimaryureasonuthatusomeuolderuadultsuhaveuimpaireduinflammationuanduwoun
duhealing?u-ucorrectuansweruTheuunderlyinguchronicuillnessuexists.
Augeneralizeduinflammatoryuresponseuseenuinuchronicuillnessudepletesutheubody'sureserve
sutoufightuagainstuillness.
Whichucellsuareutheubody'suprimaryudefenseuagainstuparasiteuinvasion?u-
ucorrectuansweruEosinophilsuareutheubody'suprimaryudefenseuagainstuparasites.
WhatuPhagocytesubacteria?u-
ucorrectuansweruMacrophagesuworkubyueatinguoru
phagocytosingubacteria.
Whatuisutheufirsturesponseutouauforeignupathogen?u-ucorrectuansweruHelperuTucells
Whichucharacteristicuisutheumostuimportantudeterminantuofuimmunogenicityuwhenuconside
ringutheuantigen?u-
ucorrectuansweruImmunogenicityuisuprimarilyubaseduonutheu
abilityutourecognizeusomethinguf
oreign.
Howuareuerythrocytesudestroyeduwhenumismatchedublooduisuadministered,ucausinguanuAB
Ouincompatibility?u-
ucorrectuansweruTheucomplementupathwayuisuactivateduinuresponseu
toublooduincompatibilit
y.
Whatuisutheuhypersensitivityureactionuthatucausesuatopicudermatitis?u-
ucorrectuansweruAnu
immediateu(typeuI)uhypersensitivityureactionucausesuatopicudermatitis.
,Whichufouruinfectionsuareuconsideredufungaluinfections?u-
ucorrectuansweruInfectionuwithuaufungusuisucalledumycosisuanduincludesudermatophytesu(e.
g.,utineas,uwhichurefersutouseveraluskinumycoses,uincludinguringwormuanduathlete'sufoot)ua
nduyeasts,uwhichuincludeucandidauanduaspergillus.
WhenuisutheuearliestuafterusexualutransmissionuofuHIVuthatulaburesultsucanudetectuinfection
?u-
ucorrectuansweruLabutestingucanudetectuHIVuRNAu4utou10udaysuafterusexualutransmission,u
whereasuHIVuantibodyutestingumayutakeu23utou90udaysutouresultuinuaupositiveutest.uRepeatute
stingumayubeuneededutouruleuoutuaufalseunegativeutestudueutoutestingutoousoonuafteruexpos
ure,uespeciallyuifuauhighulikelihooduofuexposureuisususpected.
Whatuisuaucharacteristicuofuexotoxins?u-
ucorrectuansweruExotoxinsuareureleaseduduringu
bacterialugrowth.
Whichudietaryulifestyleuchoiceuhasubeenuassociateduwithuaudecreaseduriskuforudevelopinguc
olonucancer?u-
ucorrectuansweruTheuresultsuofudecreasedufatuconsumptionuhaveubeenuwidelyustudieduandu
haveudemonstrateduaudecreaseduriskuofudevelopingucolonucancer.
Whichucanceruisuanuindividualuwhouhasuworkeduwithuasbestosuforuoveru40uyearsumostu
likelyutoudevelop?u-
ucorrectuansweruAsbestosuexposureuresultsuinuanuincreaseduriskuofu
lunguandulungulinin
gucancer.
Whichustatementuisutrueuregardinguultravioletu(UV)ulight?
Theudegreeuofudamageuisunotuaffectedubyutheulight'suwavelength.u-
ucorrectuansweruUVulightu
causesubasalucellucarcinomauandusquamousucellucarcinomauwhen
utheuUVBuraysuhituDNAu strands,ucausinguthymineubaseupairsuthatuareusideubyusideutoupairuto
gether,ubecominguthymineudimers.uTheseuthymineudimersuleadutoucelludeathuorucancer.
Whichucancerudoesuexerciseuhaveuauconvincinguimpactuonureducing?u-
ucorrectuansweru
Exercise-inducedumyokinesucauseuapoptosisuofucolonucancerucells.
Lowuhealthcareuliteracyuisurecognizeduasuaumajoruriskufactoruinubloodupressureucontroluandu
hasubeenushownutouhaveuadverseueffectsuonuhealthuoutcomes.
trueuorufalseu-ucorrectuansweruTRUE
, Byuprovidingupatientueducationuatutheuappropriateuliteracyulevel,uimproveduhealthuoutcome
sumayuresult.
OneuofutheugoalsuofutheuNationaluActionuPlanutouImproveuHealthuLiteracyuisutouincorporateur
esearchuanduevidence-baseduplansuofutreatmentufromuchildhooduthroughuuniversity-
levelueducationuinuaumanneruconsistentuwithuanuindividual'suliteracyulevel.
Trueuorufalseu-ucorrectuansweruTrue
Ensuringutheuindividualucanuunderstandualluelementsuofuautreatmentuplanuisucrucialuforuund
erstandinguanducompliance.
Whatuisuaureduflaguforulowuhealthcareuliteracy?u-
ucorrectuansweruLow uliteracyuoftenuleadsutouperceivedunoncomplianceutoumedicaluinstructio
ns,uincludingumedicationuinstructions.
Ensuringutheupatientufullyuunderstandsualluinstructionsuisucriticaluforuunderstanding.
Amniocentesisuisurecommendeduforupregnantuwomenuwithucertainuhealthuhistories.
Whichuhealthuhistoryuwoulduresultuinuanuamniocentesisurecommendation?u-
ucorrectu
answeruThoseuwhouhaveuaufamilyuhistoryuofugeneticudisorders
Studiesuhaveuidentifieduseveralugenesuthatuplayuauroleuinutheupreventionuofuobesity.
Whatudoutheseugenesuinfluence?u-ucorrectuansweruRegulationuofuappetite-
Researchuhasushownuthatugeneticumutationsumayucauseualterationsuinutheuregulationuofuap
petite.
Whichuconceptuisudataureportinguthatusickleucelludiseaseuaffectsuapproximatelyu1uinu600ubl
ackuAmericansuanuexampleuof?u-
ucorrectuansweruPrevalenceutellsuusuhow uoftenudiseaseuisuseenuinuaupopulation,uwhichuincl
udesuallupeopleuwithutheudiseaseuatuaugivenutime,uatuanyustageuinutheudiseaseuprogression.
WhatudescribesuauchromosomaludefectucausedubyuPrader-Williusyndrome?u-
ucorrectuansweruPrader-
Williusyndromeuisucausedubyuaudisorderuofuauportionuofuchromosomeu15.uNormally,uauporti
onuofuthisuchromosomeuisuinheritedufromubothuparents.uWithuPrader-
Williusyndrome,utheuchromosomeuinheritedufromutheufatheruisuproblematic.
Whichuactionuisuaupurposeuofutheuinflammatoryuprocess?u-
ucorrectuansweruPreventu
infectionuofutheuinjuredutissue
Theuinflammatoryuresponseuisuaudefenseumechanismudesignedutouremoveudamagedutissueu
southeubodyucanuheal.
