PPE FINAL EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS|
WITH ALREADY SOLVED CORRECTLY
ANSWERS!! | ASSURED SUCCESS
what four component make up utilitarianism? explain each. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔1. consequentialism: focuses on the consequences of actions (not
intention)
2. welfarism: focuses on people's well-being
3. sum total: calculates total pleasure values
4. maximization: what would maximize the most total pleasure
there are three types of utilitarianism following three different interpretations
of utility. explain. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. hedonic utilitarianism: focused on
what actions would increase pleasure and reduce pain, not focused on the
"quality" of the pleasure
2. preference utilitarianism: the utility of an outcome is the degree to which
our preferences are satisfied. only certain preferences can be considered,
excluding preferences that are ill-informed, vicarious, anti-social, adaptive.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,3. ideal utilitarianism: the utility of an outcome is the objective value that it
has for the people affected. what is good for the people, what will improve
their lives? ex. public health policies
what does Mill respond to the objection that utilitarianism is a 'philosophy of
the swine'? how does he defend utilitarianism against this objection? is this
a plausible defense? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mill argues it is more important to
value wisdom and intellectual curiosity over ignorance. He gives the
example that it is better to be a dissatisfied human to a satisfied pig
because humans have a higher intellectual capacity. He defends
utilitarianism by saying there is public support for the opera over the
snooker association
how does Nozick's experience machine pose a challenge to hedonic
utilitarianism? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔because the experience machine allows
you to experience maximal enjoyment, but it is not real. people choose to
forgo the pleasure of the experience machine and have real experiences
instead, showing there is something we care about besides mere pleasure,
competing against the idea of hedonic utilitarianism.
preference utilitarianism requires that we restrict the types of preferences
that enter into the calculus. name three types of preferences that should be
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,excluded from the utilitarianism calculus and explain why. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔1. vicarious: benefit based on the popularity of a particular person, ex.
"i'm vegetarian because Taylor Swift is"
2. anti-social: racist preferences, ex. Woodrow Wilson said, "it is altogether
inadvisable for a colored man to enter Princeton."
3. adaptive: self-effacing preferences that are adaptive to conditions of
oppression, ex. in a patriarchal society, women may prefer home-making
and child rearing over careers outside of the home.
why is ideal utilitarianism subject to the objection that it is paternalistic? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔ideal utilitarianism says that the objective value of an
outcome is what policy should be based on. however, when we extend that
idea to fully autonomous adults, you risk overextending authority. there is a
paternalistic disregard for what people themselves want. idea utilitarianism
requires a substantive moral theory to determine what constitutes objective
value.
- demanding and obligatory: we aren't allowed to prioritize those who are
"near and dear" to us but to be impartial and maximize the outcome.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, explain the difference between a utilitarianism that bases the rightness and
wrongness of actions on actual consequences rather than by its expected
consequences. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- act utilitarianism: based on actual
consequences, focuses on an outcome that brings the most utility
- rule utilitarianism: based on expected consequences, suggests acting in
accordance with a set of rules that bring the most amount of utility
act utilitarianism runs into the problem of condoning certain actions that
violate rights or deeply held moral principles. provide an example. how
does rule utilitarian avoid this kind of objection? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔an
example of act utilitarianism violating morals is the torture of innocent
people, like in the ticking time bomb case. can you torture an innocent
person to save 1000 people in a bombing. torture violates the right to not
be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment, but it could result in greater
overall utility. rule utilitarianism avoids this by acting in accordance to a set
of rules that yield positive consequences, generally that it would be better
for everyone if we didn't torture
Bernard Williams argues that a concern for one's integrity would motivate a
person to resist doing the action recommended by the utilitarian calculus.
explain and illustrate by means of an example. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a utility
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
WITH ALREADY SOLVED CORRECTLY
ANSWERS!! | ASSURED SUCCESS
what four component make up utilitarianism? explain each. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔1. consequentialism: focuses on the consequences of actions (not
intention)
2. welfarism: focuses on people's well-being
3. sum total: calculates total pleasure values
4. maximization: what would maximize the most total pleasure
there are three types of utilitarianism following three different interpretations
of utility. explain. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. hedonic utilitarianism: focused on
what actions would increase pleasure and reduce pain, not focused on the
"quality" of the pleasure
2. preference utilitarianism: the utility of an outcome is the degree to which
our preferences are satisfied. only certain preferences can be considered,
excluding preferences that are ill-informed, vicarious, anti-social, adaptive.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,3. ideal utilitarianism: the utility of an outcome is the objective value that it
has for the people affected. what is good for the people, what will improve
their lives? ex. public health policies
what does Mill respond to the objection that utilitarianism is a 'philosophy of
the swine'? how does he defend utilitarianism against this objection? is this
a plausible defense? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mill argues it is more important to
value wisdom and intellectual curiosity over ignorance. He gives the
example that it is better to be a dissatisfied human to a satisfied pig
because humans have a higher intellectual capacity. He defends
utilitarianism by saying there is public support for the opera over the
snooker association
how does Nozick's experience machine pose a challenge to hedonic
utilitarianism? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔because the experience machine allows
you to experience maximal enjoyment, but it is not real. people choose to
forgo the pleasure of the experience machine and have real experiences
instead, showing there is something we care about besides mere pleasure,
competing against the idea of hedonic utilitarianism.
preference utilitarianism requires that we restrict the types of preferences
that enter into the calculus. name three types of preferences that should be
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,excluded from the utilitarianism calculus and explain why. - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔1. vicarious: benefit based on the popularity of a particular person, ex.
"i'm vegetarian because Taylor Swift is"
2. anti-social: racist preferences, ex. Woodrow Wilson said, "it is altogether
inadvisable for a colored man to enter Princeton."
3. adaptive: self-effacing preferences that are adaptive to conditions of
oppression, ex. in a patriarchal society, women may prefer home-making
and child rearing over careers outside of the home.
why is ideal utilitarianism subject to the objection that it is paternalistic? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔ideal utilitarianism says that the objective value of an
outcome is what policy should be based on. however, when we extend that
idea to fully autonomous adults, you risk overextending authority. there is a
paternalistic disregard for what people themselves want. idea utilitarianism
requires a substantive moral theory to determine what constitutes objective
value.
- demanding and obligatory: we aren't allowed to prioritize those who are
"near and dear" to us but to be impartial and maximize the outcome.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, explain the difference between a utilitarianism that bases the rightness and
wrongness of actions on actual consequences rather than by its expected
consequences. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- act utilitarianism: based on actual
consequences, focuses on an outcome that brings the most utility
- rule utilitarianism: based on expected consequences, suggests acting in
accordance with a set of rules that bring the most amount of utility
act utilitarianism runs into the problem of condoning certain actions that
violate rights or deeply held moral principles. provide an example. how
does rule utilitarian avoid this kind of objection? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔an
example of act utilitarianism violating morals is the torture of innocent
people, like in the ticking time bomb case. can you torture an innocent
person to save 1000 people in a bombing. torture violates the right to not
be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment, but it could result in greater
overall utility. rule utilitarianism avoids this by acting in accordance to a set
of rules that yield positive consequences, generally that it would be better
for everyone if we didn't torture
Bernard Williams argues that a concern for one's integrity would motivate a
person to resist doing the action recommended by the utilitarian calculus.
explain and illustrate by means of an example. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a utility
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
