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Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ANS: B
Huether: Understanding Pathophysiology, 7th Edition Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of integral
membrane proteins that dissolve the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside at the
surface while cell adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane. Glycoprotein
MULTIPLE CHOICE marks cells and does not float.
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA 5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors?
with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? a. Oxygen
a. A single circular chromosome b. Ribosomes
b. A nucleus c. Amphipathic lipids
c. Free-floating nuclear material d. Ligands
d. No organelles
ANS: D
ANS: B Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane.
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a 6. A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the
prokaryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles. extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer?
a. Decreased fibronectin
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse b. Increased collagen
describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy? c. Decreased elastin
a. Metabolic absorption d. Increased glycoproteins
b. Communication
ANS: A
c. Secretion
Only a reduced amount of fibronectin is found in some types of cancerous cells, allowing
d. Respiration
them to travel or metastasize.
ANS: D
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability 7. Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?
involves maintenance of a steadNy dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and a. Cell junction N
secretion allows for the synthesizing of new substances. b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of d. Tight junction
the genetic information be contained? ANS: A
a. Mitochondria
Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell. Gap junctions
b. Ribosome
allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight junctions are
c. Nucleolus
associated with cellular communication.
d. Nucleus cytoplasm
ANS: C 8. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types?
acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within a. Paracrine
the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration while ribosomes are b. Autocrine
involved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the c. Neurohormonal
cell. d. Hormonal
ANS: A
4. Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
layer itself? destroyed, or immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of
a. Peripheral membrane proteins
glucagon. None of the other options involve signaling that is associated with a local chemical
b. Integral membrane proteins
mediator like insulin.
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell adhesion molecules 9. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a:
a. solute.
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b. substrate. When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part
c. receptor. of the citric acid cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative
d. ribosome. phosphorylation is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle performance.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of 14. A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute
the reaction. Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student
any of the remaining options. understood the teaching?
a. Osmosis
10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The
b. Diffusion
athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that c. Hydrostatic pressure
the problem is result of a deficiency of: d. Active transport
a. GTP.
b. AMP. ANS: B
c. ATP. Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to
d. GMP. an area of lesser solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water
ANS: C
concentration to one of lower concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against
When ATP is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. None of the other options are
a cell membrane. In active transport, molecules move up a concentration gradient.
involved in muscle contraction.
15. Which description accurately describes electrolytes?
11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
a. Small lipid-soluble molecules
a. Digestion
b. Large protein molecules
b. Glycolysis
c. Micronutrients used to produce ATP
c. Oxidation
d. Electrically charged molecules
d. Citric acid cycle
ANS: D
ANS: D N Electrolytes are electrically chaNrged molecules. They are not lipid soluble, they are not made
While some ATP is produced during the oxidation and glycolysis phases, most of the ATP is
up of protein, and they do not play a role in ATP production.
generated during the citric acid cycle. Digestion does not produce any ATP.
16. A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic
12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the
pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by:
nurse include? a. the concentration of sodium.
a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b. plasma proteins.
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. hydrostatic pressure.
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. the availability of membrane transporter proteins.
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion
ANS: B
ANS: A
Oncotic pressure is determined by the effect of colloids or plasma proteins. The concentration
Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellular
of sodium plays a role in tonicity. Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a vessel. Membrane
catabolism.
transporter proteins are involved in active transport within a concentration gradient.
13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will
17. A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:
facilitate his continued muscle performance? a. osmolality.
a. Electron-transport chain
b. osmolarity.
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. osmotic pressure.
c. Anaerobic glycolysis
d. oncotic pressure.
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: A
ANS: C
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Osmolality measures the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, or the concentration ANS: C
of molecules per weight of water, while osmolarity measures the number of milliosmoles per Phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through
liter of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. Osmotic pressure is the formation of large vesicles. Endocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to facilitate
the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water. movement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which fluids and solute
Oncotic pressure is from plasma proteins, not body fluids. molecules are ingested through the formation of small vesicles. Exocytosis occurs when
coated pits invaginate and internalize ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles.
18. A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes
into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the 22. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions
nurse describing? occur. What is this cell cycle phase called?
a. Hydrostatic pressure a. G1
b. Osmosis b. S
c. Diffusion c. M
d. Active transport d. G2
ANS: A ANS: C
Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25–30 mm Hg, which is The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. The G1 phase includes the
sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. period between the M phase and the start of DNA synthesis. The S phase includes synthesis of
Osmosis involves the movement of fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of DNA in the cell nucleus. The G2 phase includes RNA and protein synthesis.
lower concentration. It does not involve pressure or force. Diffusion is the passive movement
of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute 23. Which causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action
concentration. Active transport involves movement up a concentration gradient. potential?
a. Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
19. How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? potential from negative to positive.
a. By passive electrolyte channels b. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
b. By coupled channels potential from negative to positive.
c. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) c. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane
d. By diffusion N potential from positive to nN
egative.
d. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane
ANS: C
potential from positive to negative.
The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport via
active transport. Electrolyte movements require energy and do not move passively, nor are ANS: B
they transported by diffusion. Enzymes, not electrolytes, are passed via coupled channels. When the threshold is reached, the cell will continue to depolarize with no further stimulation.
The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, causing the membrane potential to
+ 2+
20. The ion transporter that moves Na and Ca simultaneously in the same direction is an reduce to zero and then become positive (depolarization). Sodium is involved in creating the
example of which of the following types of transport? action potential, not potassium. The sodium gate and channel must be open, not closed. The
a. Biport action potential is not affected by a change in the potassium gate.
b. Uniport
c. Antiport 24. A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is
d. Symport –70 mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is
K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?
ANS: D a. K+ rushing into the cell
When ions are transported in one direction, it is termed symport. There is no such term as b. Na+ rushing into the cell
biport. Uniport refers to the movement of a single molecule. Antiport refers to the movement c. Na+ rushing out of the cell
of molecules in the opposite direction. d. K+ rushing out of the cell
21. During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? ANS: A
a. Endocytosis With voltage change, potassium rushes into, not out of, the cell. Sodium movement is not
b. Pinocytosis related to this process.
c. Phagocytosis
d. Exocytosis 25. A nurse teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor includes information that
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of:
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a. platelets. d. connective.
b. epidermal cells. e. skeletal.
c. connective tissue cells. f. muscle.
d. fibroblast cells.
ANS: A, B, D, F
ANS: C The basic tissue types include nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle. Mucosal is a type of
Different types of cells require different growth factors; for example, PDGF stimulates the epithelial cell while skeletal is a type of connective tissue.
production of connective tissue cells, but not platelets, epidermal cells, or fibroblast cells.
2. Characteristics of prokaryotes include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
26. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are a. They contain no organelles.
pulled apart is referred to as: b. Their nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane.
a. anaphase. c. They contain a distinct nucleus.
b. telophase. d. They contain histones.
c. prophase. e. They contain a cellular membrane.
d. metaphase.
ANS: A, B
ANS: A The prokaryotes lack a cellular membrane that encases nuclear material, thus they have no
Anaphase begins when the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart. During distinct nucleus; organelles and histones are also missing.
telophase, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the
spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. During prophase, the first
appearance of chromosomes occurs. Metaphase occurs when two centrioles located at
opposite poles of the cell pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.
27. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?
a. Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development.
b. Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle.
c. Restrain cell growth and development.
d. Provide nutrients for cell grNowth and development. N
ANS: A
Cytokines play a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development but do not
restrain it. Cytokines help overcome intracellular braking mechanisms that restrain cell
growth and promote cell growth, but they do not provide nutrients.
28. A student is reviewing functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying a
chief function of the nerve cell as:
a. sensory interpretation.
b. conductivity.
c. maintenance of homeostasis.
d. communication.
ANS: B
Conductivity, not sensory interpretation, homeostasis, or communication, is one of the eight
chief functions of nerve cells.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. A nurse recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (Select all that apply.)
a. nerve.
b. epithelial.
c. mucosal.
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Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ANS: B
Huether: Understanding Pathophysiology, 7th Edition Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of integral
membrane proteins that dissolve the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside at the
surface while cell adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane. Glycoprotein
MULTIPLE CHOICE marks cells and does not float.
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA 5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors?
with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? a. Oxygen
a. A single circular chromosome b. Ribosomes
b. A nucleus c. Amphipathic lipids
c. Free-floating nuclear material d. Ligands
d. No organelles
ANS: D
ANS: B Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane.
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a 6. A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the
prokaryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles. extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer?
a. Decreased fibronectin
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse b. Increased collagen
describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy? c. Decreased elastin
a. Metabolic absorption d. Increased glycoproteins
b. Communication
ANS: A
c. Secretion
Only a reduced amount of fibronectin is found in some types of cancerous cells, allowing
d. Respiration
them to travel or metastasize.
ANS: D
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability 7. Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?
involves maintenance of a steadNy dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and a. Cell junction N
secretion allows for the synthesizing of new substances. b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of d. Tight junction
the genetic information be contained? ANS: A
a. Mitochondria
Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell. Gap junctions
b. Ribosome
allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight junctions are
c. Nucleolus
associated with cellular communication.
d. Nucleus cytoplasm
ANS: C 8. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types?
acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within a. Paracrine
the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration while ribosomes are b. Autocrine
involved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the c. Neurohormonal
cell. d. Hormonal
ANS: A
4. Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
layer itself? destroyed, or immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of
a. Peripheral membrane proteins
glucagon. None of the other options involve signaling that is associated with a local chemical
b. Integral membrane proteins
mediator like insulin.
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell adhesion molecules 9. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a:
a. solute.
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b. substrate. When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part
c. receptor. of the citric acid cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative
d. ribosome. phosphorylation is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle performance.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of 14. A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute
the reaction. Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student
any of the remaining options. understood the teaching?
a. Osmosis
10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The
b. Diffusion
athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that c. Hydrostatic pressure
the problem is result of a deficiency of: d. Active transport
a. GTP.
b. AMP. ANS: B
c. ATP. Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to
d. GMP. an area of lesser solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water
ANS: C
concentration to one of lower concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against
When ATP is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. None of the other options are
a cell membrane. In active transport, molecules move up a concentration gradient.
involved in muscle contraction.
15. Which description accurately describes electrolytes?
11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
a. Small lipid-soluble molecules
a. Digestion
b. Large protein molecules
b. Glycolysis
c. Micronutrients used to produce ATP
c. Oxidation
d. Electrically charged molecules
d. Citric acid cycle
ANS: D
ANS: D N Electrolytes are electrically chaNrged molecules. They are not lipid soluble, they are not made
While some ATP is produced during the oxidation and glycolysis phases, most of the ATP is
up of protein, and they do not play a role in ATP production.
generated during the citric acid cycle. Digestion does not produce any ATP.
16. A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic
12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the
pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by:
nurse include? a. the concentration of sodium.
a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b. plasma proteins.
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. hydrostatic pressure.
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. the availability of membrane transporter proteins.
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion
ANS: B
ANS: A
Oncotic pressure is determined by the effect of colloids or plasma proteins. The concentration
Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellular
of sodium plays a role in tonicity. Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a vessel. Membrane
catabolism.
transporter proteins are involved in active transport within a concentration gradient.
13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will
17. A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:
facilitate his continued muscle performance? a. osmolality.
a. Electron-transport chain
b. osmolarity.
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. osmotic pressure.
c. Anaerobic glycolysis
d. oncotic pressure.
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: A
ANS: C
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Osmolality measures the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, or the concentration ANS: C
of molecules per weight of water, while osmolarity measures the number of milliosmoles per Phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through
liter of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. Osmotic pressure is the formation of large vesicles. Endocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to facilitate
the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water. movement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which fluids and solute
Oncotic pressure is from plasma proteins, not body fluids. molecules are ingested through the formation of small vesicles. Exocytosis occurs when
coated pits invaginate and internalize ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles.
18. A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes
into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the 22. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions
nurse describing? occur. What is this cell cycle phase called?
a. Hydrostatic pressure a. G1
b. Osmosis b. S
c. Diffusion c. M
d. Active transport d. G2
ANS: A ANS: C
Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25–30 mm Hg, which is The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. The G1 phase includes the
sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. period between the M phase and the start of DNA synthesis. The S phase includes synthesis of
Osmosis involves the movement of fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of DNA in the cell nucleus. The G2 phase includes RNA and protein synthesis.
lower concentration. It does not involve pressure or force. Diffusion is the passive movement
of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute 23. Which causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action
concentration. Active transport involves movement up a concentration gradient. potential?
a. Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
19. How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? potential from negative to positive.
a. By passive electrolyte channels b. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
b. By coupled channels potential from negative to positive.
c. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) c. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane
d. By diffusion N potential from positive to nN
egative.
d. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane
ANS: C
potential from positive to negative.
The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport via
active transport. Electrolyte movements require energy and do not move passively, nor are ANS: B
they transported by diffusion. Enzymes, not electrolytes, are passed via coupled channels. When the threshold is reached, the cell will continue to depolarize with no further stimulation.
The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, causing the membrane potential to
+ 2+
20. The ion transporter that moves Na and Ca simultaneously in the same direction is an reduce to zero and then become positive (depolarization). Sodium is involved in creating the
example of which of the following types of transport? action potential, not potassium. The sodium gate and channel must be open, not closed. The
a. Biport action potential is not affected by a change in the potassium gate.
b. Uniport
c. Antiport 24. A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is
d. Symport –70 mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is
K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?
ANS: D a. K+ rushing into the cell
When ions are transported in one direction, it is termed symport. There is no such term as b. Na+ rushing into the cell
biport. Uniport refers to the movement of a single molecule. Antiport refers to the movement c. Na+ rushing out of the cell
of molecules in the opposite direction. d. K+ rushing out of the cell
21. During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? ANS: A
a. Endocytosis With voltage change, potassium rushes into, not out of, the cell. Sodium movement is not
b. Pinocytosis related to this process.
c. Phagocytosis
d. Exocytosis 25. A nurse teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor includes information that
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of:
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a. platelets. d. connective.
b. epidermal cells. e. skeletal.
c. connective tissue cells. f. muscle.
d. fibroblast cells.
ANS: A, B, D, F
ANS: C The basic tissue types include nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle. Mucosal is a type of
Different types of cells require different growth factors; for example, PDGF stimulates the epithelial cell while skeletal is a type of connective tissue.
production of connective tissue cells, but not platelets, epidermal cells, or fibroblast cells.
2. Characteristics of prokaryotes include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
26. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are a. They contain no organelles.
pulled apart is referred to as: b. Their nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane.
a. anaphase. c. They contain a distinct nucleus.
b. telophase. d. They contain histones.
c. prophase. e. They contain a cellular membrane.
d. metaphase.
ANS: A, B
ANS: A The prokaryotes lack a cellular membrane that encases nuclear material, thus they have no
Anaphase begins when the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart. During distinct nucleus; organelles and histones are also missing.
telophase, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the
spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. During prophase, the first
appearance of chromosomes occurs. Metaphase occurs when two centrioles located at
opposite poles of the cell pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.
27. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?
a. Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development.
b. Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle.
c. Restrain cell growth and development.
d. Provide nutrients for cell grNowth and development. N
ANS: A
Cytokines play a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development but do not
restrain it. Cytokines help overcome intracellular braking mechanisms that restrain cell
growth and promote cell growth, but they do not provide nutrients.
28. A student is reviewing functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying a
chief function of the nerve cell as:
a. sensory interpretation.
b. conductivity.
c. maintenance of homeostasis.
d. communication.
ANS: B
Conductivity, not sensory interpretation, homeostasis, or communication, is one of the eight
chief functions of nerve cells.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. A nurse recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (Select all that apply.)
a. nerve.
b. epithelial.
c. mucosal.
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