BIO 351 midterm Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Pass Updated 2025
Transfactors - ✔✔
mycofibrosis - ✔✔cancer due to over active telomerase
anti-sense oligonucleotide portion: competitive inhibitor of telomerase, lipid soluble
reverse transcriptase - ✔✔An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that
uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
telomere shortening - ✔✔chromosomes shorten every cell division. chromosome gets
too short, cell dies
monohybrid cross - ✔✔A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one
definable trait
dihybrid cross - ✔✔Cross or mating between organisms involving two pairs of
contrasting traits
Principle of Segregation - ✔✔During meiosis, chromosome pairs separate into different
gametes such that each of the two alleles for a given trait appears in a different gamete.
Mendel's law of equal segregation - ✔✔The two members of a gene pair segregate from
each other in meiosis; each gamete has an equal probability of obtaining either member
of the gene pair
independent assortment and mendel - ✔✔One of Mendel's principles that states that
genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, probability rules - ✔✔
euchromatin vs heterochromatin - ✔✔euchromatin: uncoiled genetic material (lighter
stained) where mRNA is transcribed
heterochromatin: coiled genetic material that is transcriptionally inactive
Anisogamy - ✔✔Refers to a difference in gamete size in males and females. Eggs large
and costly, sperm small and cheap
Isogamy - ✔✔gametes are equal in size
When does synapsis occur? - ✔✔prophase 1 of meiosis 1
haploinsufficient gene - ✔✔when a single copy of a gene is not sufficient to produce a
wild-type phenotype
haplosufficient gene - ✔✔both +/+ and +/m produce sufficient amounts of protein
product for a normal phenotype
Temperature dependent sex determination - ✔✔A process that occurs in animals
without sex chromosomes in which sex is determined solely on the basis of the
temperature at which the egg incubates
33 degrees C = male, above or below = female
behavior dependent sex determination - ✔✔clownfish
genotype doesnt change but gene expression does and is regulated by hormone levels
no sex chromosomes
haplo/diplo sex determination - ✔✔male honey bee is haploid only has 16
chromosomes
type of parthenogenesis
unfertilized egg = male
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
Answers 100% Pass Updated 2025
Transfactors - ✔✔
mycofibrosis - ✔✔cancer due to over active telomerase
anti-sense oligonucleotide portion: competitive inhibitor of telomerase, lipid soluble
reverse transcriptase - ✔✔An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that
uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
telomere shortening - ✔✔chromosomes shorten every cell division. chromosome gets
too short, cell dies
monohybrid cross - ✔✔A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one
definable trait
dihybrid cross - ✔✔Cross or mating between organisms involving two pairs of
contrasting traits
Principle of Segregation - ✔✔During meiosis, chromosome pairs separate into different
gametes such that each of the two alleles for a given trait appears in a different gamete.
Mendel's law of equal segregation - ✔✔The two members of a gene pair segregate from
each other in meiosis; each gamete has an equal probability of obtaining either member
of the gene pair
independent assortment and mendel - ✔✔One of Mendel's principles that states that
genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, probability rules - ✔✔
euchromatin vs heterochromatin - ✔✔euchromatin: uncoiled genetic material (lighter
stained) where mRNA is transcribed
heterochromatin: coiled genetic material that is transcriptionally inactive
Anisogamy - ✔✔Refers to a difference in gamete size in males and females. Eggs large
and costly, sperm small and cheap
Isogamy - ✔✔gametes are equal in size
When does synapsis occur? - ✔✔prophase 1 of meiosis 1
haploinsufficient gene - ✔✔when a single copy of a gene is not sufficient to produce a
wild-type phenotype
haplosufficient gene - ✔✔both +/+ and +/m produce sufficient amounts of protein
product for a normal phenotype
Temperature dependent sex determination - ✔✔A process that occurs in animals
without sex chromosomes in which sex is determined solely on the basis of the
temperature at which the egg incubates
33 degrees C = male, above or below = female
behavior dependent sex determination - ✔✔clownfish
genotype doesnt change but gene expression does and is regulated by hormone levels
no sex chromosomes
haplo/diplo sex determination - ✔✔male honey bee is haploid only has 16
chromosomes
type of parthenogenesis
unfertilized egg = male
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
