Test Bank For
Psychopharmacology, 3E By R. H. Ettinger
Psychopharmacology
Chapter 1-10
Chapter 1 Multiple Choice.
1. The average human brain contains nearly ________ neurons.
a. 10 billion
b. 100 billion
*c. 200 billion
d. 1 trillion
2. The three major classes of neurons are
*a. motor, sensory, and interneurons.
b. efferent, afferent, and glia.
c. motor, efferent, and afferent.
d. glia, interneurons, and motor.
3. The nucleus of a neuron resides within the
a. terminal button.
b. axon.
*c. cell body.
d. dendrites.
4. The axon hillock is located
a. at a cell’s terminal button.
b. at gaps in a cell’s myelin.
*c. where the axon leaves the cell body.
d. where dendrites connect to the cell body.
5. Myelin serves to
a. increase the speed of conduction along the axon.
b. insulate a cell’s axon from the electrical activity of adjacent axons.
c. synthesize and store neurotransmitter substances.
*d. Both a and b are correct
6. Neurotransmitters are stored and released from a cell’s
*a. terminal button.
b. node of Ranvier.
c. cell body.
d. axon hillock.
7. The pressures acting on charged ions include ________ and ________ pressures.
a. hydrostatic; electrostatic
b. diffusion; hydrostatic
*c. diffusion; electrostatic
d. diffusion; glucostatic
,8. A neuron’s resting membrane potential is caused by
a. sodium ions.
*b. a disequilibrium of positive and negatively charged ions inside and outside the axon.
c. a high concentration of sodium inside the cell.
d. potassium ions.
9. The resting membrane potential has a charge of about ________ millivolts.
a. 0
b. +100
*c. –70
d. –55
10. The resting membrane potential is maintained because
a. potassium ions cannot cross through the cell membrane to the outside.
*b. sodium ions cannot cross to the inside of the cell membrane.
c. there is no pressure acting on sodium ions.
d. there is no pressure acting on potassium ions.
11. Potassium is said to be at equilibrium during a resting potential because
*a. electrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the diffusion pressure forcing it out.
b. diffusion pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out.
c. hydrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out.
d. it is equally concentrated inside and outside the cell.
12. Changes in the voltage of a cell that vary depending on the strength of stimulation are referred to as
a. action potentials.
b. depolarization.
c. hyperpolarization.
*d. graded potentials.
13. When an axon is depolarized to approximately ________ millivolts, an action potential is initiated.
*a. –55
b. –70
c. 0
d. +30
14. Ion channels for sodium ions open when the membrane is ________ to about ________ millivolts.
*a. depolarized; –55
b. polarized; –70
c. charged; +30
d. depolarized; 0
15. The initiation of an action potential is a consequence of an ________ of ________ ions.
a. influx; potassium
b. efflux; chlorine
*c. influx; sodium
d. All of the above are correct
16. During an action potential, the membrane voltage changes from ________ to about ________
millivolts on the inside relative to the outside.
a. –70; 0
,b. 0; +50
*c. –70; +30
d. –70; +55
17. Local anesthetics such as lidocaine work by
a. preventing the release of neurotransmitters signaling pain messages.
*b. blocking sodium channels so an action potential cannot occur.
c. preventing cells from receiving signals from pain-transmitting neurons.
d. blocking receptor sites for pain-signaling neurotransmitters.
18. An action potential is initiated at a cell’s
a. dendrites.
*b. axon hillock.
c. terminal button.
d. node of Ranvier.
19. Myelin is made up of ________ in the central nervous system.
a. fat cells
*b. Schwann cells
c. oligodendrocytes
d. astrocytes
20. Myelin is made up of ________ in the peripheral nervous system.
a. fat cells
*b. Schwann cells
c. oligodendrocytes
d. astrocytes
21. Gaps in myelin surrounding an axon are referred to as
a. receptors.
b. demyelination.
*c. nodes of Ranvier.
d. synapses.
22. The total amount of neurotransmitter released during an action potential depends on
a. how much sodium enters the terminal button.
b. how much calcium is ejected from the terminal button.
c. regulatory proteins that contain the neurotransmitter substance.
*d. how much calcium enters the terminal button.
23. Once released into the synaptic gap, neurotransmitter substances
a. bind to receptor sites on both pre- and postsynaptic sites.
b. are degraded by a breakdown enzyme.
c. are returned to the transmitting cell via reuptake.
*d. All of the above are correct
24. Receptor proteins that directly control either the opening or closing of specific ion channels are
referred to as ________ receptors.
a. ionotropic
*b. metabotropic
c. postsynaptic
, d. presynaptic
25. Receptor proteins that indirectly open or close ion channels through the activation of a second
messenger are referred to as ________ receptors.
a. ionotropic
*b. metabotropic
c. postsynaptic
d. presynaptic
26. Which of the following is an example of a second messenger?
a. Sodium
b. A G protein
c. Acetylcholine
*d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
27. Proteins on the presynaptic terminal that transport neurotransmitter substances back into the terminal
button are referred to as
a. G proteins.
*b. reuptake transporters.
c. autoreceptors.
d. metabotropic receptors.
28. Receptors on the presynaptic terminal that regulate neurotransmitter synthesis and storage are referred
to as
a. heteroreceptors.
b. autoreceptors.
c. metabotropic receptors.
*d. Both a and b are correct
29. The main difference between autoreceptors and heteroreceptors is that
*a. heteroreceptors are activated by a different neuron and neurotransmitter, whereas autoreceptors are
activated by the neuron they regulate.
b. heteroreceptors are postsynaptic, whereas autoreceptors are presynaptic.
c. heteroreceptors are metabotropic, whereas autoreceptors are ionotropic.
d. heteroreceptors are excitatory, whereas autoreceptors are inhibitory.
30. Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a substance to meet the definition of a
neurotransmitter?
a. It must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron.
b. It must cause a postsynaptic effect after it interacts with a receptor.
*c. It must be taken up intact by the transmitting neuron.
d. It must have some mechanism for its degradation or reuptake.
31. Otto Loewi received the Nobel Prize in 1936 for his discovery of ________.
a. dopamine
b. norepinephrine
c. serotonin
*d. acetylcholine
32. The neurotransmitter that activates all neuromuscular synapses is called ________.
a. norepinephrine
Psychopharmacology, 3E By R. H. Ettinger
Psychopharmacology
Chapter 1-10
Chapter 1 Multiple Choice.
1. The average human brain contains nearly ________ neurons.
a. 10 billion
b. 100 billion
*c. 200 billion
d. 1 trillion
2. The three major classes of neurons are
*a. motor, sensory, and interneurons.
b. efferent, afferent, and glia.
c. motor, efferent, and afferent.
d. glia, interneurons, and motor.
3. The nucleus of a neuron resides within the
a. terminal button.
b. axon.
*c. cell body.
d. dendrites.
4. The axon hillock is located
a. at a cell’s terminal button.
b. at gaps in a cell’s myelin.
*c. where the axon leaves the cell body.
d. where dendrites connect to the cell body.
5. Myelin serves to
a. increase the speed of conduction along the axon.
b. insulate a cell’s axon from the electrical activity of adjacent axons.
c. synthesize and store neurotransmitter substances.
*d. Both a and b are correct
6. Neurotransmitters are stored and released from a cell’s
*a. terminal button.
b. node of Ranvier.
c. cell body.
d. axon hillock.
7. The pressures acting on charged ions include ________ and ________ pressures.
a. hydrostatic; electrostatic
b. diffusion; hydrostatic
*c. diffusion; electrostatic
d. diffusion; glucostatic
,8. A neuron’s resting membrane potential is caused by
a. sodium ions.
*b. a disequilibrium of positive and negatively charged ions inside and outside the axon.
c. a high concentration of sodium inside the cell.
d. potassium ions.
9. The resting membrane potential has a charge of about ________ millivolts.
a. 0
b. +100
*c. –70
d. –55
10. The resting membrane potential is maintained because
a. potassium ions cannot cross through the cell membrane to the outside.
*b. sodium ions cannot cross to the inside of the cell membrane.
c. there is no pressure acting on sodium ions.
d. there is no pressure acting on potassium ions.
11. Potassium is said to be at equilibrium during a resting potential because
*a. electrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the diffusion pressure forcing it out.
b. diffusion pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out.
c. hydrostatic pressure forcing it in equals the electrostatic pressure forcing it out.
d. it is equally concentrated inside and outside the cell.
12. Changes in the voltage of a cell that vary depending on the strength of stimulation are referred to as
a. action potentials.
b. depolarization.
c. hyperpolarization.
*d. graded potentials.
13. When an axon is depolarized to approximately ________ millivolts, an action potential is initiated.
*a. –55
b. –70
c. 0
d. +30
14. Ion channels for sodium ions open when the membrane is ________ to about ________ millivolts.
*a. depolarized; –55
b. polarized; –70
c. charged; +30
d. depolarized; 0
15. The initiation of an action potential is a consequence of an ________ of ________ ions.
a. influx; potassium
b. efflux; chlorine
*c. influx; sodium
d. All of the above are correct
16. During an action potential, the membrane voltage changes from ________ to about ________
millivolts on the inside relative to the outside.
a. –70; 0
,b. 0; +50
*c. –70; +30
d. –70; +55
17. Local anesthetics such as lidocaine work by
a. preventing the release of neurotransmitters signaling pain messages.
*b. blocking sodium channels so an action potential cannot occur.
c. preventing cells from receiving signals from pain-transmitting neurons.
d. blocking receptor sites for pain-signaling neurotransmitters.
18. An action potential is initiated at a cell’s
a. dendrites.
*b. axon hillock.
c. terminal button.
d. node of Ranvier.
19. Myelin is made up of ________ in the central nervous system.
a. fat cells
*b. Schwann cells
c. oligodendrocytes
d. astrocytes
20. Myelin is made up of ________ in the peripheral nervous system.
a. fat cells
*b. Schwann cells
c. oligodendrocytes
d. astrocytes
21. Gaps in myelin surrounding an axon are referred to as
a. receptors.
b. demyelination.
*c. nodes of Ranvier.
d. synapses.
22. The total amount of neurotransmitter released during an action potential depends on
a. how much sodium enters the terminal button.
b. how much calcium is ejected from the terminal button.
c. regulatory proteins that contain the neurotransmitter substance.
*d. how much calcium enters the terminal button.
23. Once released into the synaptic gap, neurotransmitter substances
a. bind to receptor sites on both pre- and postsynaptic sites.
b. are degraded by a breakdown enzyme.
c. are returned to the transmitting cell via reuptake.
*d. All of the above are correct
24. Receptor proteins that directly control either the opening or closing of specific ion channels are
referred to as ________ receptors.
a. ionotropic
*b. metabotropic
c. postsynaptic
, d. presynaptic
25. Receptor proteins that indirectly open or close ion channels through the activation of a second
messenger are referred to as ________ receptors.
a. ionotropic
*b. metabotropic
c. postsynaptic
d. presynaptic
26. Which of the following is an example of a second messenger?
a. Sodium
b. A G protein
c. Acetylcholine
*d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
27. Proteins on the presynaptic terminal that transport neurotransmitter substances back into the terminal
button are referred to as
a. G proteins.
*b. reuptake transporters.
c. autoreceptors.
d. metabotropic receptors.
28. Receptors on the presynaptic terminal that regulate neurotransmitter synthesis and storage are referred
to as
a. heteroreceptors.
b. autoreceptors.
c. metabotropic receptors.
*d. Both a and b are correct
29. The main difference between autoreceptors and heteroreceptors is that
*a. heteroreceptors are activated by a different neuron and neurotransmitter, whereas autoreceptors are
activated by the neuron they regulate.
b. heteroreceptors are postsynaptic, whereas autoreceptors are presynaptic.
c. heteroreceptors are metabotropic, whereas autoreceptors are ionotropic.
d. heteroreceptors are excitatory, whereas autoreceptors are inhibitory.
30. Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a substance to meet the definition of a
neurotransmitter?
a. It must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron.
b. It must cause a postsynaptic effect after it interacts with a receptor.
*c. It must be taken up intact by the transmitting neuron.
d. It must have some mechanism for its degradation or reuptake.
31. Otto Loewi received the Nobel Prize in 1936 for his discovery of ________.
a. dopamine
b. norepinephrine
c. serotonin
*d. acetylcholine
32. The neurotransmitter that activates all neuromuscular synapses is called ________.
a. norepinephrine
