Test Bank For McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition By Julia Rogers, All Chapters 1 – 50, A+ guide.

TEST BANK FOR , t , t




McCance &Huether’sPathophysiology TheBiologic BasisforDiseaseinAdults and Children
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9th Edition by Julia Rogers
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Chapter1-49 ,t




Chapter01:CellularBiology ,t ,t ,t




Rogers:McCance&Huether’sPathophysiology,9thEdition
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MULTIPLECHOICE ,t




1. Which statement best describes the cellularfunction of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. ,t ,t ,t




b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. ,t ,t ,t ,t




c. Cells can takein and use nutrients. ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




d. Cells can synthesize fats. ,t ,t ,t




ANS: , t C
Inmetabolicabsorption, all cells takein and usenutrients and othersubstances from their
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surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic
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absorption.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




2. Whereis most ofa cell’s genetic information, includingRNA and DNA, contained?
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a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
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Thenucleuscontains thenucleolus, asmall densestructurecomposed largelyof RNA, most of the
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cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The
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mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
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Ribosomes’chieffunctionistoprovidesitesforcellularproteinsynthesis.Lysosomes function as ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




the intracellular digestive system.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




3. Which component ofthe cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)byusingoxygen to remove
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hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
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a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: , t B

, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




hydrogen atoms from specificsubstratesinan oxidativereaction that produces H2O2,whichis a
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powerful oxidant and potentiallydestructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
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Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and
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secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes.
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Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40
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digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
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carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




4. Whichcellcomponentiscapableofcellularautodigestionwhenitisreleasedduringcell injury?
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a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex ,t




c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ,t ,t




d. Lysosomes
ANS: , t D
Thelysosomalmembraneactsas aprotectiveshieldbetweenthepowerful digestiveenzymes within
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the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventingtheir leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption
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of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal
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enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self- digestion. The
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chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a
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network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic
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substances from the cell.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




5. WhichcAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
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a. Increasedheart rate and force of contraction ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




b. Secretion of cortisol ,t ,t




c. Increased retention of water ,t ,t ,t




d. Breakdownof fat ,t ,t




ANS: , t C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increasesin ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




heartrateandforceofcontraction. Increasedcortisolsecretion isduetoACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to
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glucagon.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: , t B

, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
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between the M phase(M = mitosis)and the start of DNAsynthesis; (2)the S phase(S
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=synthesis),duringwhich DNAis synthesized in thecell nucleus; (3)the G2 phase, during which
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RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the
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next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




7. Whatorganic compound facilitatestransportationacrosscellmembranesbyactingas
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,t receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
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a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
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Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
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and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes together.
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Proteases causethebreakdown ofprotein. Carbohydrates areinvolved in cellular protection and
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lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




8. Understandingthe various steps ofproteolytic cascades maybeuseful in designingdrug ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




,t therapy for which human diseases? ,t ,t ,t ,t




a. Cardiac and vascular disorders ,t ,t ,t




b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders ,t ,t ,t




c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders ,t ,t ,t




d. Endocrineand gastrointestinal disorders ,t ,t ,t




ANS: , t B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




interventions.Dysregulationofproteases features prominentlyinmanyhumandiseases, including
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cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal,
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renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




9. Whichstructurepreventswater-solublemolecules fromenteringcellsacrossthe plasma
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,t membrane?
a. Carbohydratechains ,t




b. Glycoproteinchannels ,t




c. Membranechannel proteins ,t ,t




d. Lipid bilayer ,t




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, Thebilayer’sstructure accounts foroneoftheessential functionsoftheplasmamembrane. It is
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impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
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water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the
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diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as
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oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
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Carbohydratechains, glycoproteinchannels,andmembranechannelproteinsdonotprevent ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




10. A student asks foran explanation ofthe absolute refractoryperiod ofthe action potential. What
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,t response by the professor is best? ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




a. A stronger than normal impulse will evokeanother response.
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b. No stimulus is able to evokeanother response at this time.
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c. Multiplestimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




d. Thehyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
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ANS: , t B
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke
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anotherresponsefrom thecell. Astrongerthannormal impulsemaygeneratea response in the
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relative refractoryperiod. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A
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hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a
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response.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




11. Which form ofcell communication is usedto within thecell itself and with othercells in direct
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,t physical contact? ,t




a. Proteinchannel (gap junction) ,t ,t ,t




b. Plasma membrane-bound signalingmolecules ,t ,t ,t




c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters ,t ,t ,t ,t




d. Extracellularchemical messengers such as ligands ,t ,t ,t ,t ,t




ANS: , t B
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
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thataffect the cell itself andothercells indirect physical contact with it, theyaffect receptor proteins
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inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the
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activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to
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communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in binding processes.
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DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering ,t ,t




12. Whichmodeofchemical signalingusesbloodtotransportcommunication tocellssome
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,t distance away? ,t




a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: , t D