NR565- Advance Pharmacology Latest
Update 2025/2026
Therapeutic action of HTN drug classifications used - ANSWER-Thiazide diuretics MOA blockade of
sodium and chloride reabsorption. increases renal excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water
(hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia)
ACE inhibitors MOA
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I) prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin
II, which disrupts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Reduce levels of angiotensin II
(through inhibition of ACE)2. increasing levels of bradykinin (through inhibition of kinase 11) End in -pril
ARBS MOA
Block angiotensin II receptors on blood vessels in the heart and adrenals. Increases renal excretion of
sodium and water. Cause dilation of arterioles and veins. End in sartan
CCB MOA
They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. Calcium causes the
heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers
allow blood vessels to relax and open. blockade of peripheral arterioles causes dilation and reduces
arterial pressure, arterioles of the heart increase coronary perfusion, blockade of the SA node reduces
heart rate, decreases AV node conduction, myocardium decreases the force of contraction
Therapeutic action of organic nitrates - ANSWER-direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscles, and
the dilation of coronary vessels improves oxygen supply to the myocardium. The dilation of peripheral
veins, and in higher doses peripheral arteries, reduces preload and afterload and thereby lowers
myocardial oxygen consumption.
promote vasodilation
Treatment of acute flare of gout with colchicine
-Patient education
-Adverse effects - ANSWER--Only when needed to relieve an attack:
-Start taking this medicine at the first sign of the attack for best results.
, NR565- Advance Pharmacology Latest
Update 2025/2026
-Stop taking this medicine as soon as the pain is relieved or at the first sign of nausea, vomiting, stomach
pain, or diarrhea.
-Longer you wait to start with the attack, the less effective it might be
Treatment of Chronic Pain
o Example: How should something like osteoarthritis be treated? - ANSWER-Non
Opioid medications - NSAIDs, cox-2 inhibitors
Nonpharmacologic tx - heat/cold, yoga, physical therapy, exercise, healthy weight
Treatment of chronic pain o Use of pregabalin - ANSWER-Sedation, dizziness, and ataxia are more
commonly linked to pregabalin. Gastrointestinal bleeding may be caused by COX-2 inhibitors and
NSAIDs
US Drug Enforcement Administration description of the scheduled drugs - ANSWERThe DEA enacted the
Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in 1970 to regulate drugs and other substances based on their potential
for abuse and dependency. Five schedules of controlled substances were created that are updated
annually. Classes of scheduled substances include narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and
anabolic steroids. The DEA issues eligible providers with a registration number to write prescriptions for
controlled substances.
What are the key responsibilities of prescribing? - ANSWER-Safe and competent practice
Understanding of the drugs, reactions, and pharmacology
Be aware of the age group you are prescribing to
What does the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulate when it comes to medications? - ANSWER-
Whether the drug is safe, effective, and benefits of a drug outweigh the risks
What happens when someone has a poor metabolism phenotype? - ANSWERmedications metabolized
slower, medication might not work or put them at risk for sideeffects
Update 2025/2026
Therapeutic action of HTN drug classifications used - ANSWER-Thiazide diuretics MOA blockade of
sodium and chloride reabsorption. increases renal excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water
(hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia)
ACE inhibitors MOA
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I) prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin
II, which disrupts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Reduce levels of angiotensin II
(through inhibition of ACE)2. increasing levels of bradykinin (through inhibition of kinase 11) End in -pril
ARBS MOA
Block angiotensin II receptors on blood vessels in the heart and adrenals. Increases renal excretion of
sodium and water. Cause dilation of arterioles and veins. End in sartan
CCB MOA
They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. Calcium causes the
heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers
allow blood vessels to relax and open. blockade of peripheral arterioles causes dilation and reduces
arterial pressure, arterioles of the heart increase coronary perfusion, blockade of the SA node reduces
heart rate, decreases AV node conduction, myocardium decreases the force of contraction
Therapeutic action of organic nitrates - ANSWER-direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscles, and
the dilation of coronary vessels improves oxygen supply to the myocardium. The dilation of peripheral
veins, and in higher doses peripheral arteries, reduces preload and afterload and thereby lowers
myocardial oxygen consumption.
promote vasodilation
Treatment of acute flare of gout with colchicine
-Patient education
-Adverse effects - ANSWER--Only when needed to relieve an attack:
-Start taking this medicine at the first sign of the attack for best results.
, NR565- Advance Pharmacology Latest
Update 2025/2026
-Stop taking this medicine as soon as the pain is relieved or at the first sign of nausea, vomiting, stomach
pain, or diarrhea.
-Longer you wait to start with the attack, the less effective it might be
Treatment of Chronic Pain
o Example: How should something like osteoarthritis be treated? - ANSWER-Non
Opioid medications - NSAIDs, cox-2 inhibitors
Nonpharmacologic tx - heat/cold, yoga, physical therapy, exercise, healthy weight
Treatment of chronic pain o Use of pregabalin - ANSWER-Sedation, dizziness, and ataxia are more
commonly linked to pregabalin. Gastrointestinal bleeding may be caused by COX-2 inhibitors and
NSAIDs
US Drug Enforcement Administration description of the scheduled drugs - ANSWERThe DEA enacted the
Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in 1970 to regulate drugs and other substances based on their potential
for abuse and dependency. Five schedules of controlled substances were created that are updated
annually. Classes of scheduled substances include narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and
anabolic steroids. The DEA issues eligible providers with a registration number to write prescriptions for
controlled substances.
What are the key responsibilities of prescribing? - ANSWER-Safe and competent practice
Understanding of the drugs, reactions, and pharmacology
Be aware of the age group you are prescribing to
What does the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulate when it comes to medications? - ANSWER-
Whether the drug is safe, effective, and benefits of a drug outweigh the risks
What happens when someone has a poor metabolism phenotype? - ANSWERmedications metabolized
slower, medication might not work or put them at risk for sideeffects
