TEST BANK
,MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.
1) In a sample of 775 senior citizens, approximately 67% said that they had seen a television 1)
commercial for life insurance. About how many senior citizens is this?
A) Not enough information available. B) 519
C) 67 D) 256
Answer: B
2) A two-way table could be used for which of the following pairs of variables? 2)
A) Gender and age B) Age and favorite class
C) Gender and favorite class D) Age and height
Answer: C
Indicate whether the study described is an observational study or a controlled experiment.
3) "People with diabetes are at higher risk for certain cancers than those without the blood sugar 3)
disease, suggests a new study based on a telephone survey of nearly 400,000 adults."
A) Controlled experiment B) Observational study
Answer: B
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Answer the question.
4) The number of clinically obese men in State A is 156,261 and the number of clinically obese 4)
men in State B is 294,269. Someone makes the claim that this is evidence that men exercise
more in State A. What information is missing that might contradict this claim?
Answer: We need to know the total number of men in State A and State B so that a
comparison can be made of the percentage of the men in each state that are clinically
obese. There could be a much higher male population in State B than State A. Also,
assumptions about exercise and obesity are being made.
1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Use the data in Table 1A to answer the question.
Note: 1 is female, 0 is male.
5) Suppose you wanted to know whether the student's commute distance was associated with the 5)
student's living situation. Using the data table if possible, which variables would you use?
A) Use Commute Distance (Miles) and Living Situation.
B) Data on student's living situation are not included in this study.
C) Use Commute Distance (Miles) and College Units Acquired.
D) Use College Units Acquired and Living Situation.
Answer: A
In a study of 1350 elementary school children, 118 out of the 615 girls in the study said they want to be a teacher when
they grow up.
6) What percent of girls want to be a teacher when they grow up? 6)
A) 45.6% B) 80.8% C) 8.7% D) 19.2%
Answer: D
Determine if the following scenario is an observational study or a controlled experiment.
7) A doctor is interested in determining whether a certain medication increases the risk of high blood 7)
pressure. He randomly selects 100 people for his study - 50 who will take the medication, and 50
who will take a placebo. He checks the patients' blood pressures weekly for six months.
A) Observational study B) Neither C) Controlled experiment
Answer: C
Solve the problem.
8) The number of parents who attended parent teacher conferences at a local elementary school is an 8)
example of what type of variable?
A) Numerical variable B) Categorical variable C) Neither
Answer: A
2
,SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine if the following scenario is an observational study or a controlled experiment and explain your reasoning.
9) A doctor is interested in determining whether a certain medication is effective at treating 9)
abdominal pain. He reviews his patients' medical records and finds that a higher
proportion of people who took the medication fewer abdominal pain symptoms than those
who did not take the medication.
Answer: This is an observational study because the doctor did not randomly assign patients
into groups. Instead, he simply looked at medical files.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.
10) A two-way table is useful for describing which types of variables? 10)
A) One numerical variable.
B) Two categorical variables.
C) One numerical variable and one categorical variable.
D) Two numerical variables.
Answer: B
11) The following data table is organized using which method? 11)
Gender Age
Male 35
Female 42
Female 33
Male 37
Female 39
A) This is stacked data because each row represents one person.
B) This is unstacked data because the ages are separated by groups (in this case, gender).
C) This is stacked data because the ages are separated by groups (in this case, gender).
D) This is unstacked data because each row represents one person.
Answer: A
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
12) According to the following two-way table, why are percentages more useful than counts to 12)
compare the amount of males and females who eat breakfast?
Answer: The group sizes are different. There are 55 males, but only 45 females.
3
,MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
13) A bicycle manufacturer produces four different bicycle models. Information is summarized in the 13)
table below:
Model Series Number Weight Style
Ascension A120 31 Mountain
Road Runner B640 19 Road
All Terrain C300 27 Hybrid
Class Above D90 15 Racing
Identify the variables and determine whether each variable is numerical or categorical.
A) series number: numerical; weight: categorical; style: categorical
B) series number: categorical; weight: numerical; style: categorical
C) series number: categorical; weight: categorical; style: categorical
D) series number: numerical; weight: numerical; style: categorical
Answer: B
A data set on Shark Attacks Worldwide posted on StatCrunch records data on all shark attacks in recorded history
including attacks before 1800. Variables contained in the data include time of attack, date, location, activity the victim
was engaged in when attacked, type of injuries sustained by the victim, whether or not the injury was fatal, and species
of shark. Which of the following questions could not be answered using this data set?
(Source: www.sharkattackfile.net)
14) Using the data described , if possible, which variable would you use to determine if shark attacks 14)
happen more often to men than women?
A) Use Activity of the Victim
B) Use Species of Shark.
C) Use Type of Injury.
D) Data on gender of the victim are not included in the table.
Answer: D
Solve the problem.
15) Consider the following statement, "Babies who breastfeed are less likely to grow into children with 15)
behavioral problems by the time they reach age 5 than those who receive formula milk." Which of
the
following is a plausible confounding variable in this study?
A) Mother's social-economic status
B) The age at which breastfeeding ends
C) The quality of the formula milk
D) All of these
E) None of these
Answer: D
Determine if the following scenario is an observational study or a controlled experiment.
16) A doctor is interested in determining whether a certain medication reduces migraines. She 16)
randomly
selects 100 people for his study - 50 who will take the medication, and 50 who will take a placebo.
The patients are examined once a week for six weeks.
A) Controlled experiment B) Neither C) Observational study
Answer: A
4
,Solve the problem.
17) A fgym fis foffering fa fnew f6-week fdiet fplan ffor fits fmembers. fMembers fwho fsign fup ffor 17) f
fthe fprogram fare fweighed fand fmeasured fonce fa fweek ffor fthe fduration fof fthe fprogram.
fThe fowners f of fthe fgym fwant fto fknow fif fthe fdiet fplan factually fhelps fpeople flose
fweight. fWhat fvariable fcould fbe fa fpossible fconfounding ffactor fin fdetermining f the
fcause fof f weight floss?
A) The fperson's fexercise froutine. B) fThe fperson's feducation flevel.
C) fThe fperson's fmarital fstatus. D) fThe fperson's fsocial
flife. fAnswer: f A
SHORT fANSWER. fWrite fthe fword for fphrase fthat fbest fcompletes feach fstatement for fanswers fthe
fquestion.
18) Give fan fexample fof fone fcategorical fvariable fand fone fnumerical fvariable. 18)
fAnswer: f Answers fwill fvary. fExamples fmight finclude: fcategorical f- fgender, ffavorite fcandy,
year fin fschool, ffavorite fcolor, fetc.; fnumerical f- fage, fheight, fweight, fspeed, fetc.
MULTIPLE fCHOICE. fChoose fthe fone falternative fthat fbest fcompletes fthe fstatement for fanswers fthe fquestion.
19) Determine fwhich fof fthe ffollowing ffive fvariables fare fnumerical fand fwhich fare 19) f
fcategorical. fage, fgender, fheight, ffavorite fcandy, feye fcolor
A) All fof fthe fvariables fare fcategorical.
B) All fof fthe fvariables fare fnumerical.
C) Age fand fheight fare fnumerical fvariables. fGender, ffavorite fcandy, fand feye fcolor fare
fcategorical fvariables.
D) Age, fheight, fand ffavorite fcandy fare fnumerical fvariables. fGender fand fethnicity fare
fcategorical fvariables.
Answer: fC
A fgroup fof f500 fpatients fwho fsuffer ffrom fhypothyroidism, fa fcondition fin fwhich fyour fthyroid fdoes fnot
fproduce fenough fof fcertain fhormones, fwere fasked fto fparticipate fin fa fstudy fto fdetermine fthe feffectiveness fof
fa fnew fmedication. fThe fpatients fwere frandomly fdivided finto ftwo fgroups, fone fthat fwas fgiven fthe factual
fmedication, fand fone fthat freceived fa fplacebo fpill. fThe fresults fof fthe fstudy fare fbelow.
Medication Placebo
Symptoms improved 205 140
Symptoms did not improve 65 90
20) Can fwe fconclude fthat fthe fimproved fsymptoms fwere fcaused fby fthe fnew fmedication? 20) f
A) No, feven fthough fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment, fthere fmight fbe fa fconfounding
ffactor fsince fthe fplacebo fgroup fhad fimproved f symptoms ftoo.
B) Yes, fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment. fWe fcan falways fconclude fcausation fwith fa
fcontrolled fexperiment.
C) No, feven fthough fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment, fthere fwas fno fdifference
fbetween fthe ftreatment f and fcontrol fgroups, f so f we fcannot fconclude
f causation.
D) Yes, fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment. fSince fa fhigher fpercent fof fpatients
fwho ftook fthe f medication fhad fimproved f symptoms, f we f can f conclude
f causation.
Answer: fD
21) What fpercent fof fpatients fwho ftook fthe fmedication fhad fimproved fsymptoms? 21)
A) 41% B) f54% C) f75.9% D) f65.2%
Answer: fC
5
, SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Solve fthe fproblem.
22) What fis fthe fdifference fbetween fa fblind fand fa fdouble fblind fstudy? fWhich fis fmost fideal?
22) f
fAnswer: fIn fa fblind fstudy, fthe fparticipants fdo fnot f know fwhich fgroup fthey fhave fbeen fassigned
to. f For f example, f in f a f medical f experiment, f the f patients f do f not f know f if f they f are
receiving factual f medication for fjust fa fplacebo. fIn fa fdouble fblind fstudy, fneither
fthe fresearchers, fnor fthe fparticipants fknow fwhich fgroup fthe f participants fhave
fbeen fassigned fto. fA fdouble fblind fstudy fis fbetter fthan fa fblind fstudy.
Answer fthe fquestion.
23) Give fan fexample fof fhow fdata fcould fbe fcollected fabout fyou fon fa fdaily fbasis. 23) f
fAnswer: fAnswers fwill fvary. fExamples f might finclude: fFacebook fpostings, fTwitter ftweets,
Instagram f photos, f emails f sent/received, f credit/debit f card f swipes, f GPS, f text
messaging, f etc.
MULTIPLE fCHOICE. fChoose fthe fone falternative fthat fbest fcompletes fthe fstatement for fanswers fthe
fquestion.
Provide fan fappropriate fresponse. 24) f
24) Consider f the f following f statement f "My f child f was f bullied f on f the f school f bus f and
f so f was f my fneighbor's fchild, fso fobviously, fbullying fis fa fbig fproblem fon fschool fbuses
fand fsomething fneeds fto fbe f done fabout fit!" fWhat fis fwrong fwith fthis fstatement?
A) The fstatement fis fanecdotal.
B) The fstatement fexhibits fbias.
C) The fperson fmaking fthe fstatement fconfused fcorrelation fwith fcausation.
D) None fof fthese--the fstatement fis
fvalid. fAnswer: f A
6
,MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.
1) In a sample of 775 senior citizens, approximately 67% said that they had seen a television 1)
commercial for life insurance. About how many senior citizens is this?
A) Not enough information available. B) 519
C) 67 D) 256
Answer: B
2) A two-way table could be used for which of the following pairs of variables? 2)
A) Gender and age B) Age and favorite class
C) Gender and favorite class D) Age and height
Answer: C
Indicate whether the study described is an observational study or a controlled experiment.
3) "People with diabetes are at higher risk for certain cancers than those without the blood sugar 3)
disease, suggests a new study based on a telephone survey of nearly 400,000 adults."
A) Controlled experiment B) Observational study
Answer: B
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Answer the question.
4) The number of clinically obese men in State A is 156,261 and the number of clinically obese 4)
men in State B is 294,269. Someone makes the claim that this is evidence that men exercise
more in State A. What information is missing that might contradict this claim?
Answer: We need to know the total number of men in State A and State B so that a
comparison can be made of the percentage of the men in each state that are clinically
obese. There could be a much higher male population in State B than State A. Also,
assumptions about exercise and obesity are being made.
1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Use the data in Table 1A to answer the question.
Note: 1 is female, 0 is male.
5) Suppose you wanted to know whether the student's commute distance was associated with the 5)
student's living situation. Using the data table if possible, which variables would you use?
A) Use Commute Distance (Miles) and Living Situation.
B) Data on student's living situation are not included in this study.
C) Use Commute Distance (Miles) and College Units Acquired.
D) Use College Units Acquired and Living Situation.
Answer: A
In a study of 1350 elementary school children, 118 out of the 615 girls in the study said they want to be a teacher when
they grow up.
6) What percent of girls want to be a teacher when they grow up? 6)
A) 45.6% B) 80.8% C) 8.7% D) 19.2%
Answer: D
Determine if the following scenario is an observational study or a controlled experiment.
7) A doctor is interested in determining whether a certain medication increases the risk of high blood 7)
pressure. He randomly selects 100 people for his study - 50 who will take the medication, and 50
who will take a placebo. He checks the patients' blood pressures weekly for six months.
A) Observational study B) Neither C) Controlled experiment
Answer: C
Solve the problem.
8) The number of parents who attended parent teacher conferences at a local elementary school is an 8)
example of what type of variable?
A) Numerical variable B) Categorical variable C) Neither
Answer: A
2
,SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine if the following scenario is an observational study or a controlled experiment and explain your reasoning.
9) A doctor is interested in determining whether a certain medication is effective at treating 9)
abdominal pain. He reviews his patients' medical records and finds that a higher
proportion of people who took the medication fewer abdominal pain symptoms than those
who did not take the medication.
Answer: This is an observational study because the doctor did not randomly assign patients
into groups. Instead, he simply looked at medical files.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.
10) A two-way table is useful for describing which types of variables? 10)
A) One numerical variable.
B) Two categorical variables.
C) One numerical variable and one categorical variable.
D) Two numerical variables.
Answer: B
11) The following data table is organized using which method? 11)
Gender Age
Male 35
Female 42
Female 33
Male 37
Female 39
A) This is stacked data because each row represents one person.
B) This is unstacked data because the ages are separated by groups (in this case, gender).
C) This is stacked data because the ages are separated by groups (in this case, gender).
D) This is unstacked data because each row represents one person.
Answer: A
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
12) According to the following two-way table, why are percentages more useful than counts to 12)
compare the amount of males and females who eat breakfast?
Answer: The group sizes are different. There are 55 males, but only 45 females.
3
,MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
13) A bicycle manufacturer produces four different bicycle models. Information is summarized in the 13)
table below:
Model Series Number Weight Style
Ascension A120 31 Mountain
Road Runner B640 19 Road
All Terrain C300 27 Hybrid
Class Above D90 15 Racing
Identify the variables and determine whether each variable is numerical or categorical.
A) series number: numerical; weight: categorical; style: categorical
B) series number: categorical; weight: numerical; style: categorical
C) series number: categorical; weight: categorical; style: categorical
D) series number: numerical; weight: numerical; style: categorical
Answer: B
A data set on Shark Attacks Worldwide posted on StatCrunch records data on all shark attacks in recorded history
including attacks before 1800. Variables contained in the data include time of attack, date, location, activity the victim
was engaged in when attacked, type of injuries sustained by the victim, whether or not the injury was fatal, and species
of shark. Which of the following questions could not be answered using this data set?
(Source: www.sharkattackfile.net)
14) Using the data described , if possible, which variable would you use to determine if shark attacks 14)
happen more often to men than women?
A) Use Activity of the Victim
B) Use Species of Shark.
C) Use Type of Injury.
D) Data on gender of the victim are not included in the table.
Answer: D
Solve the problem.
15) Consider the following statement, "Babies who breastfeed are less likely to grow into children with 15)
behavioral problems by the time they reach age 5 than those who receive formula milk." Which of
the
following is a plausible confounding variable in this study?
A) Mother's social-economic status
B) The age at which breastfeeding ends
C) The quality of the formula milk
D) All of these
E) None of these
Answer: D
Determine if the following scenario is an observational study or a controlled experiment.
16) A doctor is interested in determining whether a certain medication reduces migraines. She 16)
randomly
selects 100 people for his study - 50 who will take the medication, and 50 who will take a placebo.
The patients are examined once a week for six weeks.
A) Controlled experiment B) Neither C) Observational study
Answer: A
4
,Solve the problem.
17) A fgym fis foffering fa fnew f6-week fdiet fplan ffor fits fmembers. fMembers fwho fsign fup ffor 17) f
fthe fprogram fare fweighed fand fmeasured fonce fa fweek ffor fthe fduration fof fthe fprogram.
fThe fowners f of fthe fgym fwant fto fknow fif fthe fdiet fplan factually fhelps fpeople flose
fweight. fWhat fvariable fcould fbe fa fpossible fconfounding ffactor fin fdetermining f the
fcause fof f weight floss?
A) The fperson's fexercise froutine. B) fThe fperson's feducation flevel.
C) fThe fperson's fmarital fstatus. D) fThe fperson's fsocial
flife. fAnswer: f A
SHORT fANSWER. fWrite fthe fword for fphrase fthat fbest fcompletes feach fstatement for fanswers fthe
fquestion.
18) Give fan fexample fof fone fcategorical fvariable fand fone fnumerical fvariable. 18)
fAnswer: f Answers fwill fvary. fExamples fmight finclude: fcategorical f- fgender, ffavorite fcandy,
year fin fschool, ffavorite fcolor, fetc.; fnumerical f- fage, fheight, fweight, fspeed, fetc.
MULTIPLE fCHOICE. fChoose fthe fone falternative fthat fbest fcompletes fthe fstatement for fanswers fthe fquestion.
19) Determine fwhich fof fthe ffollowing ffive fvariables fare fnumerical fand fwhich fare 19) f
fcategorical. fage, fgender, fheight, ffavorite fcandy, feye fcolor
A) All fof fthe fvariables fare fcategorical.
B) All fof fthe fvariables fare fnumerical.
C) Age fand fheight fare fnumerical fvariables. fGender, ffavorite fcandy, fand feye fcolor fare
fcategorical fvariables.
D) Age, fheight, fand ffavorite fcandy fare fnumerical fvariables. fGender fand fethnicity fare
fcategorical fvariables.
Answer: fC
A fgroup fof f500 fpatients fwho fsuffer ffrom fhypothyroidism, fa fcondition fin fwhich fyour fthyroid fdoes fnot
fproduce fenough fof fcertain fhormones, fwere fasked fto fparticipate fin fa fstudy fto fdetermine fthe feffectiveness fof
fa fnew fmedication. fThe fpatients fwere frandomly fdivided finto ftwo fgroups, fone fthat fwas fgiven fthe factual
fmedication, fand fone fthat freceived fa fplacebo fpill. fThe fresults fof fthe fstudy fare fbelow.
Medication Placebo
Symptoms improved 205 140
Symptoms did not improve 65 90
20) Can fwe fconclude fthat fthe fimproved fsymptoms fwere fcaused fby fthe fnew fmedication? 20) f
A) No, feven fthough fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment, fthere fmight fbe fa fconfounding
ffactor fsince fthe fplacebo fgroup fhad fimproved f symptoms ftoo.
B) Yes, fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment. fWe fcan falways fconclude fcausation fwith fa
fcontrolled fexperiment.
C) No, feven fthough fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment, fthere fwas fno fdifference
fbetween fthe ftreatment f and fcontrol fgroups, f so f we fcannot fconclude
f causation.
D) Yes, fthis fis fa fcontrolled fexperiment. fSince fa fhigher fpercent fof fpatients
fwho ftook fthe f medication fhad fimproved f symptoms, f we f can f conclude
f causation.
Answer: fD
21) What fpercent fof fpatients fwho ftook fthe fmedication fhad fimproved fsymptoms? 21)
A) 41% B) f54% C) f75.9% D) f65.2%
Answer: fC
5
, SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Solve fthe fproblem.
22) What fis fthe fdifference fbetween fa fblind fand fa fdouble fblind fstudy? fWhich fis fmost fideal?
22) f
fAnswer: fIn fa fblind fstudy, fthe fparticipants fdo fnot f know fwhich fgroup fthey fhave fbeen fassigned
to. f For f example, f in f a f medical f experiment, f the f patients f do f not f know f if f they f are
receiving factual f medication for fjust fa fplacebo. fIn fa fdouble fblind fstudy, fneither
fthe fresearchers, fnor fthe fparticipants fknow fwhich fgroup fthe f participants fhave
fbeen fassigned fto. fA fdouble fblind fstudy fis fbetter fthan fa fblind fstudy.
Answer fthe fquestion.
23) Give fan fexample fof fhow fdata fcould fbe fcollected fabout fyou fon fa fdaily fbasis. 23) f
fAnswer: fAnswers fwill fvary. fExamples f might finclude: fFacebook fpostings, fTwitter ftweets,
Instagram f photos, f emails f sent/received, f credit/debit f card f swipes, f GPS, f text
messaging, f etc.
MULTIPLE fCHOICE. fChoose fthe fone falternative fthat fbest fcompletes fthe fstatement for fanswers fthe
fquestion.
Provide fan fappropriate fresponse. 24) f
24) Consider f the f following f statement f "My f child f was f bullied f on f the f school f bus f and
f so f was f my fneighbor's fchild, fso fobviously, fbullying fis fa fbig fproblem fon fschool fbuses
fand fsomething fneeds fto fbe f done fabout fit!" fWhat fis fwrong fwith fthis fstatement?
A) The fstatement fis fanecdotal.
B) The fstatement fexhibits fbias.
C) The fperson fmaking fthe fstatement fconfused fcorrelation fwith fcausation.
D) None fof fthese--the fstatement fis
fvalid. fAnswer: f A
6
