NURB 3050 COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
4 SET WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT/VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the three layers of the heart wall? - correct answer-✅-Epicardium, myocardium, and
pericardium
Describe the pericardium. - correct answer-✅-a double walled sac containing the heart and the roots of
great vessels
What is the function of the pericardial sac? - correct answer-✅-prevents displacement, physical barrier
that protects against infection, and provides lubrication
What are the atrioventricular valves? - correct answer-✅-tricuspid and mitral
What are the semilunar valves? - correct answer-✅-pulmonic and aortic
What two structures of the heart ensures proper function of the valves? - correct answer-✅-Chordae
tendinae and papillary muscles
Explain the conduction system. - correct answer-✅-A group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the
walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract.
Which node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart? - correct answer-✅-Sinoatrial node (SA
node)
Automaticity - correct answer-✅-the spontaneous generation and discharge of an electrical impulse
Excitability - correct answer-✅-the response to an electrical impulse
Conductivity - correct answer-✅-the transmission of an electrical impulse from one cell to another
What positive ions are responsible for conduction? - correct answer-✅-Na+, K+, and Ca++
What positive ion plays a major role in contractility? - correct answer-✅-Calcium
What is the significance of the ST segment? - correct answer-✅-Used as diagnostic criteria for
myocardial ischemic states
What are examples of sympathetic responses? - correct answer-✅-Increase electrical conductivity,
increase contractility and cardiac output, vasoconstriction, rapidly increase HR by stimulating SA node
What are examples of parasympathetic responses? - correct answer-✅-Slow conduction of action
potential, decrease strength of contraction, vasodilation, and decreased HR
What does the P wave represent? - correct answer-✅-atrial depolarization
What does depolarization represent? - correct answer-✅-electrical activation of muscle cells
What does the ST Segment represent? - correct answer-✅-Isoelectric line after the QRS
What does the QRS complex represent? - correct answer-✅-Ventricular depolarization
What does repolarization represent? - correct answer-✅-Deactivation of muscle cells
What does the PR Interval represent? - correct answer-✅-.12-.20 seconds
What is cardiac output? - correct answer-✅-Multiplying HR in beats/min by stroke volume in liters/beat
What are the four primary determinates of cardiac output? - correct answer-✅-period, afterload,
myocardial contractility, and heart rate
Preload - correct answer-✅-pressure generated at the end of diastole-pressure exerted by volume
returned to heart filling portion
Afterload - correct answer-✅-end load to against the heart contracts to eject blood
Contractility - correct answer-✅-force of contraction
Stroke Volume - correct answer-✅-volume of blood ejected each heartbeat
Ejection Fraction - correct answer-✅-fraction of outbound blood pumped from the blood by each heart
beat
End Diastole Volume - correct answer-✅-volume of blood in the ventricles before a contraction
, What are 3 factors that promote venous thrombosis? - correct answer-✅-Venous stasis: slow or
obstructed venous blood flow
-Hypercoagulability of the blood
-Damage of the endothelium
What is a major respiratory complication of DVT? - correct answer-✅-Pulmonary embolism
What are the prophylactic measures taken to prevent DVT? - correct answer-✅-anticoagulation therapy
(heparin, warfarin), IVC filters, compression stockings, early ambulation, prophylaxis
What is the pathophysiology of hypertension? - correct answer-✅-caused by a sustained increase in
peripheral resistance (arterial constriction), increase in circulating blood volume or both
What is primary hypertension? - correct answer-✅-most common type; sympathetic nervous system;
salt and water retention; increased vascular resistance
What is the cause of secondary hypertension and why? - correct answer-✅-caused by an underlying
disorder (renal disease) or medication that raises peripheral vascular resistance (antihistamines)
What are the signs of hypertension? - correct answer-✅-increased blood pressure; no signs, silent killer
What are the effects of hypertension on the kidney? - correct answer-✅-low blood flow to the kidneys,
increased renin/aldosterone output
What are the effects of hypertension on the brain? - correct answer-✅-decreased blood flow to the
brain, stroke
What are the effects of hypertension on the heart? - correct answer-✅CAD, increased workload with
decreased blood flow
What are the non-pharmacological treatments for orthostatic hypotension that you can teach a patient?
- correct answer-✅-Exercise, dietary changes, weight loss, salt reduction
What is an aneurysm? - correct answer-✅-localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall
S/s of an aortic aneurysm. - correct answer-✅-atherosclerosis, hypertension, genetics, aging, infection,
trauma, environment
What is arteriosclerosis? - correct answer-✅Thickening and hardening of arteries
What is atherosclerosis? - correct answer-✅Accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within arterial
wall which leads to formation of plaque
Explain the progression of atherosclerosis - correct answer-✅-leads to CAD which then can lead to a MI
Stable angina - correct answer-✅-chronic obstruction that results in recurrent predictable chest pain
Unstable angina - correct answer-✅New onset, increasing frequency, duration, or severity, occurs at
rest or minimal exertion, nonresponsive to tx
Prinzmetal - correct answer-✅Coronary vasospasm
Silent ischemia - correct answer-✅Myocardial ischemia that does not cause detectable symptoms
What are the signs of a MI? - correct answer-✅-pain, diaphoresis, BP and HR increase and then
decrease, fever, nausea
What can cardigenic shock best be described as? - correct answer-✅-acute pump failure
How does an MI lead to cardiogenic shock? - correct answer-✅-inability for the heart to pump
What is troponin and how does it develop as a determination of MI? - correct answer-✅Plasma
enzyme; elevated levels indicate MI
Which dysrhythmias are life threatening requiring immediate defibrillation? - correct answer-
✅Ventricular fibrillation
Explain how an alteration in sodium, potassium, and calcium can cause cardiac dysrhythmias. - correct
answer-✅-disturbance in heart rhythm
What are the two types of heart failure? - correct answer-✅Systolic and diastolic
Describe systolic dysfunction. - correct answer-✅-a decrease in the ability to expel sufficient clips which
results in a deceased ejection fraction of less than 50%
4 SET WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT/VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the three layers of the heart wall? - correct answer-✅-Epicardium, myocardium, and
pericardium
Describe the pericardium. - correct answer-✅-a double walled sac containing the heart and the roots of
great vessels
What is the function of the pericardial sac? - correct answer-✅-prevents displacement, physical barrier
that protects against infection, and provides lubrication
What are the atrioventricular valves? - correct answer-✅-tricuspid and mitral
What are the semilunar valves? - correct answer-✅-pulmonic and aortic
What two structures of the heart ensures proper function of the valves? - correct answer-✅-Chordae
tendinae and papillary muscles
Explain the conduction system. - correct answer-✅-A group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the
walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract.
Which node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart? - correct answer-✅-Sinoatrial node (SA
node)
Automaticity - correct answer-✅-the spontaneous generation and discharge of an electrical impulse
Excitability - correct answer-✅-the response to an electrical impulse
Conductivity - correct answer-✅-the transmission of an electrical impulse from one cell to another
What positive ions are responsible for conduction? - correct answer-✅-Na+, K+, and Ca++
What positive ion plays a major role in contractility? - correct answer-✅-Calcium
What is the significance of the ST segment? - correct answer-✅-Used as diagnostic criteria for
myocardial ischemic states
What are examples of sympathetic responses? - correct answer-✅-Increase electrical conductivity,
increase contractility and cardiac output, vasoconstriction, rapidly increase HR by stimulating SA node
What are examples of parasympathetic responses? - correct answer-✅-Slow conduction of action
potential, decrease strength of contraction, vasodilation, and decreased HR
What does the P wave represent? - correct answer-✅-atrial depolarization
What does depolarization represent? - correct answer-✅-electrical activation of muscle cells
What does the ST Segment represent? - correct answer-✅-Isoelectric line after the QRS
What does the QRS complex represent? - correct answer-✅-Ventricular depolarization
What does repolarization represent? - correct answer-✅-Deactivation of muscle cells
What does the PR Interval represent? - correct answer-✅-.12-.20 seconds
What is cardiac output? - correct answer-✅-Multiplying HR in beats/min by stroke volume in liters/beat
What are the four primary determinates of cardiac output? - correct answer-✅-period, afterload,
myocardial contractility, and heart rate
Preload - correct answer-✅-pressure generated at the end of diastole-pressure exerted by volume
returned to heart filling portion
Afterload - correct answer-✅-end load to against the heart contracts to eject blood
Contractility - correct answer-✅-force of contraction
Stroke Volume - correct answer-✅-volume of blood ejected each heartbeat
Ejection Fraction - correct answer-✅-fraction of outbound blood pumped from the blood by each heart
beat
End Diastole Volume - correct answer-✅-volume of blood in the ventricles before a contraction
, What are 3 factors that promote venous thrombosis? - correct answer-✅-Venous stasis: slow or
obstructed venous blood flow
-Hypercoagulability of the blood
-Damage of the endothelium
What is a major respiratory complication of DVT? - correct answer-✅-Pulmonary embolism
What are the prophylactic measures taken to prevent DVT? - correct answer-✅-anticoagulation therapy
(heparin, warfarin), IVC filters, compression stockings, early ambulation, prophylaxis
What is the pathophysiology of hypertension? - correct answer-✅-caused by a sustained increase in
peripheral resistance (arterial constriction), increase in circulating blood volume or both
What is primary hypertension? - correct answer-✅-most common type; sympathetic nervous system;
salt and water retention; increased vascular resistance
What is the cause of secondary hypertension and why? - correct answer-✅-caused by an underlying
disorder (renal disease) or medication that raises peripheral vascular resistance (antihistamines)
What are the signs of hypertension? - correct answer-✅-increased blood pressure; no signs, silent killer
What are the effects of hypertension on the kidney? - correct answer-✅-low blood flow to the kidneys,
increased renin/aldosterone output
What are the effects of hypertension on the brain? - correct answer-✅-decreased blood flow to the
brain, stroke
What are the effects of hypertension on the heart? - correct answer-✅CAD, increased workload with
decreased blood flow
What are the non-pharmacological treatments for orthostatic hypotension that you can teach a patient?
- correct answer-✅-Exercise, dietary changes, weight loss, salt reduction
What is an aneurysm? - correct answer-✅-localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall
S/s of an aortic aneurysm. - correct answer-✅-atherosclerosis, hypertension, genetics, aging, infection,
trauma, environment
What is arteriosclerosis? - correct answer-✅Thickening and hardening of arteries
What is atherosclerosis? - correct answer-✅Accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within arterial
wall which leads to formation of plaque
Explain the progression of atherosclerosis - correct answer-✅-leads to CAD which then can lead to a MI
Stable angina - correct answer-✅-chronic obstruction that results in recurrent predictable chest pain
Unstable angina - correct answer-✅New onset, increasing frequency, duration, or severity, occurs at
rest or minimal exertion, nonresponsive to tx
Prinzmetal - correct answer-✅Coronary vasospasm
Silent ischemia - correct answer-✅Myocardial ischemia that does not cause detectable symptoms
What are the signs of a MI? - correct answer-✅-pain, diaphoresis, BP and HR increase and then
decrease, fever, nausea
What can cardigenic shock best be described as? - correct answer-✅-acute pump failure
How does an MI lead to cardiogenic shock? - correct answer-✅-inability for the heart to pump
What is troponin and how does it develop as a determination of MI? - correct answer-✅Plasma
enzyme; elevated levels indicate MI
Which dysrhythmias are life threatening requiring immediate defibrillation? - correct answer-
✅Ventricular fibrillation
Explain how an alteration in sodium, potassium, and calcium can cause cardiac dysrhythmias. - correct
answer-✅-disturbance in heart rhythm
What are the two types of heart failure? - correct answer-✅Systolic and diastolic
Describe systolic dysfunction. - correct answer-✅-a decrease in the ability to expel sufficient clips which
results in a deceased ejection fraction of less than 50%
