NURB 3050 COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
3 SET WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT/VERIFIED ANSWERS
functional unit of the kidneys - correct answer-✅nephron
major functions of the kidneys - correct answer-✅Regulate extracellular fluid
Excrete wastes
Secrete renin
Produce Erythropoietin
Activate Vitamin D
Regulate acid-base balance
Prostaglandin Synthesis
FEARS:
-F:luid
-E:lectrolytes, erythropoietin
-A:cid base regulation
-R:rids toxic waste
-S:ecretes renin
Bowmans capsule - correct answer-✅is where the process of the nephron function that filters the
solutes of the blood due to a pressure gradient(counter-current system for filtration) that exists between
the blood in the capillaries and fluid
-collects glomerular filtrate
loop of henle - correct answer-✅the section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes
volume of urine, concentrates the urine.
-electrolyte filtration
-concentrated urine is produced by a counter current exchange system in which fluid flows in opposite
directions through the parallel tubes of the loop of Henle; a concentration gradient allows fluid to be
exchanged across pathways
distal convoluted tubule - correct answer-✅is located between the loop of henle and collecting duct
-selective reabsorption and secretion occurs here, mos notably to regulate reabsorption of water and
sodium in exchange for secreting H+ and K+ (regulated by aldosterone)
what is the patho of kidney stones? what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction - correct answer-
✅-calculi or urinary stones, are masses of crystals, protein, or other substances that are a common
cause of urinary tract obstruction
-can be located in the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
-formation is related to supersaturation of one or more salts in urine, precipitation of the salts from a
liquid to solid state, growth through crystallization or aggregation, and the presence or absense of stone
inhibitors.
-calcium stones account for 70% of all stones requiring treatment
-urine concentration of substrare turns alkalinic, there is Ca carbonate or uric acid in urine
nidus - correct answer-✅kidney stone nucleus that grows in renal tubule or renal pelvis
what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction - correct answer-✅-overactive or non active bladder
functioning, lead to urinary tract infections
what are some types of kidney stones? - correct answer-✅-calcium stones: 70% of all stones requiring
treatment
, -struvite stones primarily contain magnesium ammonium phosphate as well as varying levels of matrix
that forms in an alkaline urine
-uric acid stones occur in persons who excrete excessive uric acid in the urine such as those with gouty
arthritis
renal colic - correct answer-✅moderate or severe pain originating in the flank and radiating down to the
groin usually indicates obstruction of renal pevis
how does anesthesia cause urinary retention - correct answer-✅it blocks nerves and pain signals and is
usually given with fluid which results in a combination of a full bladder without nerve function to empty
glomerulonephritis - correct answer-✅-loss of negative charge in capillary membrane and increased
permeability of filter slits causing the swelling and inflammation of glomerulus
-can be immunologic or hereditary
-immune injury is a major cause such as circulating antigen-antibody immune complexes into the
glomerulus and reactions to antibodies in situ against planted antigens.
-can be non immune related to ischemia, metabolic disorders, toxin exposure, drugs, vascular disorders
and infection.
acute glomernulonephritis - correct answer-✅-abrupt onset after infection in throat, skin, or bacterial
endocarditis
-post streptococcal infection
-S/S: Hematuria, red blood casts, proteinuria, decreased GFR, oliguria, edema(around ankles), HTN
What is the causative agent for the formation of the antibody/antigen substances? - correct answer-✅
Nephrotic syndrome patho - correct answer-✅-nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of 3.5 g or more of
protein in the urine per day and is a characteristic of glomerular injury
- loss of negative charged enlargement of filter slits, loss of plasma proteins, and a permanently changed
basement membrane
proteinuria - correct answer-✅10g/day, edema,
signs of renal cancer - correct answer-✅early stages are silent
-later stages include flank pain, palpable flank mass, and weight loss
treatment of renal cancer - correct answer-✅-radiologic nephrectomy with chemotherapy
-immunotheraphy- biologic modifiers
-urinary diversion procedures
causes of acute renal failure - correct answer-✅cellular ischemia> hypervolemia, septic shock, severe
burns, acute renal disease
Classification of acute renal failure - correct answer-✅-prerenal: ischemic disease
-intrarenal: disease within renal tissue
-postrenal: obstruction
Stages of Acute renal failure - correct answer-✅-onset phase: onset of cell damage, often asymptomatic
-oliguric: BUN, creatine increase, 5-8 d if non oliguric
-diuretic: 7-14d, GFR increased slightly, polyuria 2-4L/d
-Recovery: GFR, urine output increase, filtration increased
Patho of Chronic renal failure - correct answer-✅-progressive, irreversible loss of renal function
-can be caused by vascular, glomerular renal disease, interstitial renal disease, and congenital disease
stages of chronic renal failure - correct answer-✅Stage 1: slight kidney damage, NI Inc filtration (90%)
Stage 2: mild decrease in kidney function (60-89%)
Stage 3: Moderate decrease in kidney function(30-59)
Stage 4: Severe decrease in kidney function (15-29)
Stage 5: kidney failure less than 15 (dialysis)
glomerular filtration rate - correct answer-✅a measure of the kidneys function
-rate of how much blood is filtered through the glomerulus
3 SET WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT/VERIFIED ANSWERS
functional unit of the kidneys - correct answer-✅nephron
major functions of the kidneys - correct answer-✅Regulate extracellular fluid
Excrete wastes
Secrete renin
Produce Erythropoietin
Activate Vitamin D
Regulate acid-base balance
Prostaglandin Synthesis
FEARS:
-F:luid
-E:lectrolytes, erythropoietin
-A:cid base regulation
-R:rids toxic waste
-S:ecretes renin
Bowmans capsule - correct answer-✅is where the process of the nephron function that filters the
solutes of the blood due to a pressure gradient(counter-current system for filtration) that exists between
the blood in the capillaries and fluid
-collects glomerular filtrate
loop of henle - correct answer-✅the section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes
volume of urine, concentrates the urine.
-electrolyte filtration
-concentrated urine is produced by a counter current exchange system in which fluid flows in opposite
directions through the parallel tubes of the loop of Henle; a concentration gradient allows fluid to be
exchanged across pathways
distal convoluted tubule - correct answer-✅is located between the loop of henle and collecting duct
-selective reabsorption and secretion occurs here, mos notably to regulate reabsorption of water and
sodium in exchange for secreting H+ and K+ (regulated by aldosterone)
what is the patho of kidney stones? what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction - correct answer-
✅-calculi or urinary stones, are masses of crystals, protein, or other substances that are a common
cause of urinary tract obstruction
-can be located in the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
-formation is related to supersaturation of one or more salts in urine, precipitation of the salts from a
liquid to solid state, growth through crystallization or aggregation, and the presence or absense of stone
inhibitors.
-calcium stones account for 70% of all stones requiring treatment
-urine concentration of substrare turns alkalinic, there is Ca carbonate or uric acid in urine
nidus - correct answer-✅kidney stone nucleus that grows in renal tubule or renal pelvis
what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction - correct answer-✅-overactive or non active bladder
functioning, lead to urinary tract infections
what are some types of kidney stones? - correct answer-✅-calcium stones: 70% of all stones requiring
treatment
, -struvite stones primarily contain magnesium ammonium phosphate as well as varying levels of matrix
that forms in an alkaline urine
-uric acid stones occur in persons who excrete excessive uric acid in the urine such as those with gouty
arthritis
renal colic - correct answer-✅moderate or severe pain originating in the flank and radiating down to the
groin usually indicates obstruction of renal pevis
how does anesthesia cause urinary retention - correct answer-✅it blocks nerves and pain signals and is
usually given with fluid which results in a combination of a full bladder without nerve function to empty
glomerulonephritis - correct answer-✅-loss of negative charge in capillary membrane and increased
permeability of filter slits causing the swelling and inflammation of glomerulus
-can be immunologic or hereditary
-immune injury is a major cause such as circulating antigen-antibody immune complexes into the
glomerulus and reactions to antibodies in situ against planted antigens.
-can be non immune related to ischemia, metabolic disorders, toxin exposure, drugs, vascular disorders
and infection.
acute glomernulonephritis - correct answer-✅-abrupt onset after infection in throat, skin, or bacterial
endocarditis
-post streptococcal infection
-S/S: Hematuria, red blood casts, proteinuria, decreased GFR, oliguria, edema(around ankles), HTN
What is the causative agent for the formation of the antibody/antigen substances? - correct answer-✅
Nephrotic syndrome patho - correct answer-✅-nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of 3.5 g or more of
protein in the urine per day and is a characteristic of glomerular injury
- loss of negative charged enlargement of filter slits, loss of plasma proteins, and a permanently changed
basement membrane
proteinuria - correct answer-✅10g/day, edema,
signs of renal cancer - correct answer-✅early stages are silent
-later stages include flank pain, palpable flank mass, and weight loss
treatment of renal cancer - correct answer-✅-radiologic nephrectomy with chemotherapy
-immunotheraphy- biologic modifiers
-urinary diversion procedures
causes of acute renal failure - correct answer-✅cellular ischemia> hypervolemia, septic shock, severe
burns, acute renal disease
Classification of acute renal failure - correct answer-✅-prerenal: ischemic disease
-intrarenal: disease within renal tissue
-postrenal: obstruction
Stages of Acute renal failure - correct answer-✅-onset phase: onset of cell damage, often asymptomatic
-oliguric: BUN, creatine increase, 5-8 d if non oliguric
-diuretic: 7-14d, GFR increased slightly, polyuria 2-4L/d
-Recovery: GFR, urine output increase, filtration increased
Patho of Chronic renal failure - correct answer-✅-progressive, irreversible loss of renal function
-can be caused by vascular, glomerular renal disease, interstitial renal disease, and congenital disease
stages of chronic renal failure - correct answer-✅Stage 1: slight kidney damage, NI Inc filtration (90%)
Stage 2: mild decrease in kidney function (60-89%)
Stage 3: Moderate decrease in kidney function(30-59)
Stage 4: Severe decrease in kidney function (15-29)
Stage 5: kidney failure less than 15 (dialysis)
glomerular filtration rate - correct answer-✅a measure of the kidneys function
-rate of how much blood is filtered through the glomerulus
