NURB 3050 FINAL EXAM SET WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT/VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Edema - correct answer-✅an excess of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which causes a swelling or
enlargement of tissues
Prolonged edema interferes with - correct answer-✅venous return, arterial circulation, and cell function
Causes of edema - correct answer-✅1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma osmotic pressure in the capillaries
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. increased capillary pearmeability
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - correct answer-✅-equivalent to higher blood pressure
-forces excessive fluid out of capillary into tissue
Hypervolemia - correct answer-✅increased blood volume cause by kidney failure, pregnancy, and CHF
Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure in the Capillaries - correct answer-✅-loss of plasma proteins
Lymphatic obstruction - correct answer-✅- tumor or infection damages a lymph node or lymph node is
removed
-cannot circulate lymph fluid
Increased Capillary Permeability - correct answer-✅- results from an inflammatory response, bacterial
toxins, burn or wound infections
Effects of Edema - correct answer-✅-localized swelling
- redness or pale
-pain
-pitting edema
-weight gain
-headache
-functional impairment
-impaired arterial circulation
- susceptible to tissue breakdown
-high BP
Dehyrdration - correct answer-✅insufficient body fluid resulting from either inadequate intake or
excessive loss of fluids, or a combination of both
-measured by change in weight
hypovolemia - correct answer-✅loss of fluids in the vascular compartment (bloodstream)
Causes of dehydration - correct answer-✅-vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive sweating
-GI suction
-DKA
-insufficient water intake
-use of concentrated formula for infants
diabetic ketoacidosis - correct answer-✅insufficient insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels and
mobilization of lipids
effects of dehydration - correct answer-✅dry mucous membrane
decreased skin turgor
Low BP, weak pulse
fatigue
, increased hematocrit
decreasing mental function
confusion & loss of conciousness
turgor - correct answer-✅elasticity
hematocrit - correct answer-✅percentage of red blood cells in volume of blood
body compensated for dehydration by - correct answer-✅increasing thirst
increasing heart rate
constricting cutaneous blood vessels
producing less urine
Third spacing - correct answer-✅fluids shifting out of the body into a body cavity or tissue where it is no
longer available as circulating fluid
- shift causes a fluid deficit in vascular compartment (hypovolemia) and fluid excess in the interstitial
space
Hyponatremia - correct answer-✅-deficit of sodium
- caused by early chronic renal failure, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretics (fluid pills), hormonal
imbalances, excessive water intake
effects of hyponatremia - correct answer-✅anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle
weakness, headache, confusion, seizure, decreased BP, impaired nerve conduction, hypovolemia
hypernatremia - correct answer-✅increased amount of sodium
-caused by large amount of sodium intake, insufficient ADH, loss of thirst, watery diarrhea, prolonged
periods of respiration
effects of hypernatremia - correct answer-✅weakness, agitation, firm subcutaneous cells, increased
thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output
Hypokalemia - correct answer-✅deficient potassium levels
-caused by: diarrhea, diuresis associated w/ diuretic drugs, excessive hormones that regulate
electrolytes(aldosterone or glucocorticoids), decreased dietary intake (alcoholism, eating disorders,
starvation), treatment of DKA w/ insulin
effects of hypokalemia - correct answer-✅cardiac dysrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest, interferes w/
neuromuscular function, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, parethesias, decreased appetite (anorexia),
shallow breaths, polyuria, impaired renal function
Hyperkalemia - correct answer-✅excessive potassium levels
-caused by kidney failure, deficit of aldosterone, use of "potassium-sparing" drugs (diuretics), prolonged
acidosis,
crash injuries/burns (leakage of potassium out of cells into blood)
effects of hyperkalemia - correct answer-✅cardiac dysrhythmias that leads to cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness to paralysis, impairment of neuromuscular activity, fatigue, nausea, parathesias
hypocalcemia - correct answer-✅deficit in calcium levels
-caused by hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, deficient serum albumin, increased serum pH
effects of hypocalcemia - correct answer-✅tingling fingers, tetany, muscle twitching, hyperactive
reflexes, parathesias, abdomina cramps, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak muscle
contractions
hypercalcemia - correct answer-✅excessive calcium levels
-caused by immobility that leads to demineralization, hyperthyroidism, increased intake of calcium,
uncontrolled release of calcium ions from bones due to neoplasms, milk-alkali syndrome
effects of hypercalcemia - correct answer-✅apathy, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation, polyuria,
thirst, kidney stones, arrhythmias,prolonged strong cardiac contractions, increased BP
Respiratory Acidosis - correct answer-✅increase in CO2
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT/VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Edema - correct answer-✅an excess of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which causes a swelling or
enlargement of tissues
Prolonged edema interferes with - correct answer-✅venous return, arterial circulation, and cell function
Causes of edema - correct answer-✅1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma osmotic pressure in the capillaries
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. increased capillary pearmeability
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - correct answer-✅-equivalent to higher blood pressure
-forces excessive fluid out of capillary into tissue
Hypervolemia - correct answer-✅increased blood volume cause by kidney failure, pregnancy, and CHF
Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure in the Capillaries - correct answer-✅-loss of plasma proteins
Lymphatic obstruction - correct answer-✅- tumor or infection damages a lymph node or lymph node is
removed
-cannot circulate lymph fluid
Increased Capillary Permeability - correct answer-✅- results from an inflammatory response, bacterial
toxins, burn or wound infections
Effects of Edema - correct answer-✅-localized swelling
- redness or pale
-pain
-pitting edema
-weight gain
-headache
-functional impairment
-impaired arterial circulation
- susceptible to tissue breakdown
-high BP
Dehyrdration - correct answer-✅insufficient body fluid resulting from either inadequate intake or
excessive loss of fluids, or a combination of both
-measured by change in weight
hypovolemia - correct answer-✅loss of fluids in the vascular compartment (bloodstream)
Causes of dehydration - correct answer-✅-vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive sweating
-GI suction
-DKA
-insufficient water intake
-use of concentrated formula for infants
diabetic ketoacidosis - correct answer-✅insufficient insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels and
mobilization of lipids
effects of dehydration - correct answer-✅dry mucous membrane
decreased skin turgor
Low BP, weak pulse
fatigue
, increased hematocrit
decreasing mental function
confusion & loss of conciousness
turgor - correct answer-✅elasticity
hematocrit - correct answer-✅percentage of red blood cells in volume of blood
body compensated for dehydration by - correct answer-✅increasing thirst
increasing heart rate
constricting cutaneous blood vessels
producing less urine
Third spacing - correct answer-✅fluids shifting out of the body into a body cavity or tissue where it is no
longer available as circulating fluid
- shift causes a fluid deficit in vascular compartment (hypovolemia) and fluid excess in the interstitial
space
Hyponatremia - correct answer-✅-deficit of sodium
- caused by early chronic renal failure, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretics (fluid pills), hormonal
imbalances, excessive water intake
effects of hyponatremia - correct answer-✅anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle
weakness, headache, confusion, seizure, decreased BP, impaired nerve conduction, hypovolemia
hypernatremia - correct answer-✅increased amount of sodium
-caused by large amount of sodium intake, insufficient ADH, loss of thirst, watery diarrhea, prolonged
periods of respiration
effects of hypernatremia - correct answer-✅weakness, agitation, firm subcutaneous cells, increased
thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output
Hypokalemia - correct answer-✅deficient potassium levels
-caused by: diarrhea, diuresis associated w/ diuretic drugs, excessive hormones that regulate
electrolytes(aldosterone or glucocorticoids), decreased dietary intake (alcoholism, eating disorders,
starvation), treatment of DKA w/ insulin
effects of hypokalemia - correct answer-✅cardiac dysrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest, interferes w/
neuromuscular function, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, parethesias, decreased appetite (anorexia),
shallow breaths, polyuria, impaired renal function
Hyperkalemia - correct answer-✅excessive potassium levels
-caused by kidney failure, deficit of aldosterone, use of "potassium-sparing" drugs (diuretics), prolonged
acidosis,
crash injuries/burns (leakage of potassium out of cells into blood)
effects of hyperkalemia - correct answer-✅cardiac dysrhythmias that leads to cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness to paralysis, impairment of neuromuscular activity, fatigue, nausea, parathesias
hypocalcemia - correct answer-✅deficit in calcium levels
-caused by hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, deficient serum albumin, increased serum pH
effects of hypocalcemia - correct answer-✅tingling fingers, tetany, muscle twitching, hyperactive
reflexes, parathesias, abdomina cramps, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak muscle
contractions
hypercalcemia - correct answer-✅excessive calcium levels
-caused by immobility that leads to demineralization, hyperthyroidism, increased intake of calcium,
uncontrolled release of calcium ions from bones due to neoplasms, milk-alkali syndrome
effects of hypercalcemia - correct answer-✅apathy, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation, polyuria,
thirst, kidney stones, arrhythmias,prolonged strong cardiac contractions, increased BP
Respiratory Acidosis - correct answer-✅increase in CO2
