NURB 3050- EXAM 1 COMPLETE SET
WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT/VERIFIED ANSWERS
pathophysiology - correct answer-✅the convergence of pathology and physiology
pathophysiology - correct answer-✅the study of physiology that results in disease or injury
functional and physiologic - correct answer-✅What are the tissue responses to change or injury?
disease - correct answer-✅deviation from normal
pathogenesis - correct answer-✅what leads to diseased state
clinical manifestations - correct answer-✅signs vs. symptoms
etiology - correct answer-✅cause of disease
diagnosis - correct answer-✅identification of disease through evaluation
risk factors - correct answer-✅something you are at risk for
metaplasia - correct answer-✅replacement of one type of cell with another
hyperplasia - correct answer-✅increase in number of cells
hypertrophy - correct answer-✅increase in cellular size and mass
atrophy - correct answer-✅decrease in cellular size
dysplasia - correct answer-✅deranged cellular growth
reversible cellular injury - correct answer-✅cell recovery
irreversible cellular injury - correct answer-✅cells die
hypoxic injury - correct answer-✅results from decreased O2 in the air, loss of or inefficient hemoglobin,
decreased RBC production, decreases in cardiovascular or respiratory function, or poisoning
ischemia - correct answer-✅inadequate blood flow to an organ or body part
ischemia-reperfusion injury - correct answer-✅additional injury caused by the restoration of blood flow
and oxygen
oxidative stress, increased free radicals, increased intracellular calcium, inflammation, and complement
activation - correct answer-✅What causes ichemia- reperfusion injury?
anoxia - correct answer-✅cell injury due to no oxygen
decreased ATP, Na & K pump failure, no NA & Ca exchange and cells swell - correct answer-✅How do
cell respond to anoxia?
necrosis - correct answer-✅we get this a lot, especially in the heart
blood clot- oxygen doesn't get to the heart, cells in the heart swell, cell start to die, get blood flow back
to the cell, cells are already dead and the medication start flowing out from there - correct answer-
✅What are the steps of necrosis?
necrosis - correct answer-✅The sum of the cell changes after death, Passive cell death occurring in a
disorganized and unregulated manner, Increased Inflammation, Increased damage to nearby cells,
Increased enzymes - lab markers for cell death, 6 types
apoptosis - correct answer-✅Programmed cell death, your body doesn't wig out from that , Cells shrink,
Material absorbed, No inflammation, No damage to near-by cells, May be pathologic
coagulative necrosis - correct answer-✅occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands;
commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia cause by chemical injury
coagulation - correct answer-✅result of protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to
changee from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm , opaque state
liquefactive necrosis - correct answer-✅commonly results from ischemic injruy to neurons and glial cells
in the brain
, liquefactive necrosis - correct answer-✅cells re digested by their own hydrolases so the tissue becomes
soft. liquefies, and segregates from healthy tissue, forming cysts
caseous necrosis - correct answer-✅usually results from tuberculosis and is a combination of
coagulative and liquefative necrosis
caseous necrosis - correct answer-✅the dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not completely
digested by the hydrolases
fatty necrosis - correct answer-✅cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes, called lipases, that
occur in the breast, pancreas and other abdominal structures
gangrenous necrosis - correct answer-✅refers to death of tissue but is not a specific pattern of cell
death and results from severe hypoxic injury, commonly occurring because of arteriosclerosis
irreversible cellular injury - correct answer-✅cells die
inflammation - correct answer-✅reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury, starts with injury and is a
process that is subdivided
acute injury - correct answer-✅aimed at removing injurious agent, triggered by infections, immune
reactions, trauma and chemical agents, comes on very sudden
redness, swelling, heat and pain - correct answer-✅What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
vascular response - correct answer-✅first response to the tissue injury and can be acute or chronic, is
initiated by the mast cells, if there is a change in tissue, the mast cell
tissue injury and antigen-antibody reaction - correct answer-✅What are the initiators of inflammation?
syndrome - correct answer-✅not just one pathophysiological problem or aspects, but several that occur
together
cellular response - correct answer-✅when you look at cells in each individual tissue they may each
respond differently according to what tissue we're talking about
inflammatory response CNS impact - correct answer-✅moderated by stress response, systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), Goal: injury to healing
stress response - correct answer-✅can be generalized or systemic, response to change, can be modified
in specific situations
fight or flight - correct answer-✅1st thing- heart rate increases, more blood flow, epinephrine,
noepinephrine an cortisol cranking out for the injury, vessels vasoconstrict, eyes dilate, lungs
bronchodilate, parasympathetic system shuts down
adaptation - correct answer-✅Changes in behavior, tissue or organ function that facilitate recovery of
homeostasis
alarm stage - correct answer-✅Body defenses are mobilized, Activates "fight or flight" mechanisms,
Hypothalamus
Sympathetic nervous system~ NE & Epinephrine
Adrenal Gland~ Cortisol
resistance stage - correct answer-✅hormonal levels elevated-stimulating energy, actively working
exhaustion stage - correct answer-✅Body unable to respond further or damaged by increased
demands, body cannot rise to the task, may not be able to feed the patient due to the severity of the
disease they have. You've used all of the neurochemical stress response hormones
stressors - correct answer-✅any factor that creates a significant changes in body or environment and
can be physical, psychological or both
stressors - correct answer-✅can be good or bad, real or anticipated, short or long term, and perception
of this
pain - correct answer-✅a huge stressor, if they have this then it will hard to compensate for any other
stressors
WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT/VERIFIED ANSWERS
pathophysiology - correct answer-✅the convergence of pathology and physiology
pathophysiology - correct answer-✅the study of physiology that results in disease or injury
functional and physiologic - correct answer-✅What are the tissue responses to change or injury?
disease - correct answer-✅deviation from normal
pathogenesis - correct answer-✅what leads to diseased state
clinical manifestations - correct answer-✅signs vs. symptoms
etiology - correct answer-✅cause of disease
diagnosis - correct answer-✅identification of disease through evaluation
risk factors - correct answer-✅something you are at risk for
metaplasia - correct answer-✅replacement of one type of cell with another
hyperplasia - correct answer-✅increase in number of cells
hypertrophy - correct answer-✅increase in cellular size and mass
atrophy - correct answer-✅decrease in cellular size
dysplasia - correct answer-✅deranged cellular growth
reversible cellular injury - correct answer-✅cell recovery
irreversible cellular injury - correct answer-✅cells die
hypoxic injury - correct answer-✅results from decreased O2 in the air, loss of or inefficient hemoglobin,
decreased RBC production, decreases in cardiovascular or respiratory function, or poisoning
ischemia - correct answer-✅inadequate blood flow to an organ or body part
ischemia-reperfusion injury - correct answer-✅additional injury caused by the restoration of blood flow
and oxygen
oxidative stress, increased free radicals, increased intracellular calcium, inflammation, and complement
activation - correct answer-✅What causes ichemia- reperfusion injury?
anoxia - correct answer-✅cell injury due to no oxygen
decreased ATP, Na & K pump failure, no NA & Ca exchange and cells swell - correct answer-✅How do
cell respond to anoxia?
necrosis - correct answer-✅we get this a lot, especially in the heart
blood clot- oxygen doesn't get to the heart, cells in the heart swell, cell start to die, get blood flow back
to the cell, cells are already dead and the medication start flowing out from there - correct answer-
✅What are the steps of necrosis?
necrosis - correct answer-✅The sum of the cell changes after death, Passive cell death occurring in a
disorganized and unregulated manner, Increased Inflammation, Increased damage to nearby cells,
Increased enzymes - lab markers for cell death, 6 types
apoptosis - correct answer-✅Programmed cell death, your body doesn't wig out from that , Cells shrink,
Material absorbed, No inflammation, No damage to near-by cells, May be pathologic
coagulative necrosis - correct answer-✅occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands;
commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia cause by chemical injury
coagulation - correct answer-✅result of protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to
changee from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm , opaque state
liquefactive necrosis - correct answer-✅commonly results from ischemic injruy to neurons and glial cells
in the brain
, liquefactive necrosis - correct answer-✅cells re digested by their own hydrolases so the tissue becomes
soft. liquefies, and segregates from healthy tissue, forming cysts
caseous necrosis - correct answer-✅usually results from tuberculosis and is a combination of
coagulative and liquefative necrosis
caseous necrosis - correct answer-✅the dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not completely
digested by the hydrolases
fatty necrosis - correct answer-✅cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes, called lipases, that
occur in the breast, pancreas and other abdominal structures
gangrenous necrosis - correct answer-✅refers to death of tissue but is not a specific pattern of cell
death and results from severe hypoxic injury, commonly occurring because of arteriosclerosis
irreversible cellular injury - correct answer-✅cells die
inflammation - correct answer-✅reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury, starts with injury and is a
process that is subdivided
acute injury - correct answer-✅aimed at removing injurious agent, triggered by infections, immune
reactions, trauma and chemical agents, comes on very sudden
redness, swelling, heat and pain - correct answer-✅What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
vascular response - correct answer-✅first response to the tissue injury and can be acute or chronic, is
initiated by the mast cells, if there is a change in tissue, the mast cell
tissue injury and antigen-antibody reaction - correct answer-✅What are the initiators of inflammation?
syndrome - correct answer-✅not just one pathophysiological problem or aspects, but several that occur
together
cellular response - correct answer-✅when you look at cells in each individual tissue they may each
respond differently according to what tissue we're talking about
inflammatory response CNS impact - correct answer-✅moderated by stress response, systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), Goal: injury to healing
stress response - correct answer-✅can be generalized or systemic, response to change, can be modified
in specific situations
fight or flight - correct answer-✅1st thing- heart rate increases, more blood flow, epinephrine,
noepinephrine an cortisol cranking out for the injury, vessels vasoconstrict, eyes dilate, lungs
bronchodilate, parasympathetic system shuts down
adaptation - correct answer-✅Changes in behavior, tissue or organ function that facilitate recovery of
homeostasis
alarm stage - correct answer-✅Body defenses are mobilized, Activates "fight or flight" mechanisms,
Hypothalamus
Sympathetic nervous system~ NE & Epinephrine
Adrenal Gland~ Cortisol
resistance stage - correct answer-✅hormonal levels elevated-stimulating energy, actively working
exhaustion stage - correct answer-✅Body unable to respond further or damaged by increased
demands, body cannot rise to the task, may not be able to feed the patient due to the severity of the
disease they have. You've used all of the neurochemical stress response hormones
stressors - correct answer-✅any factor that creates a significant changes in body or environment and
can be physical, psychological or both
stressors - correct answer-✅can be good or bad, real or anticipated, short or long term, and perception
of this
pain - correct answer-✅a huge stressor, if they have this then it will hard to compensate for any other
stressors
