NURS 505 Module 1 Final Review Exam 2025

Pharmacodynamics - Correct Ans-How a drug affects the body Receptors - Correct Ans-Large molecules that interact with and mediate the action of drugs Up-regulation - Correct Ans-Increases the number of receptors; if an antagonist causes this can get rebound effects if the drug is abruptly withdrawn Down-regulation - Correct Ans-Decreases the number of receptors; if an agonist causes this can limit the length of time the patient can take the drug Agonists - Correct Ans-Activators; stimulates receptors. Promotes normal function of the protein (receptor). Antagonists - Correct Ans-Blockers; occupy receptors without stimulating them, prevent other molecules from occupying that site. Silences the protein and prevents function. Beers Criteria - Correct Ans-List of potentially inappropriate medications that are best avoided by older adults in most circumstances or with specific disease or conditions Partial agonists - Correct Ans-Bind to receptors but stimulate only some of them, can help prevent too extreme of a response Therapeutic index - Correct Ans-Ratio of dose that causes ADRs to therapeutic dose, safer to have a wide range than a narrow range Prodrugs - Correct Ans-L-Dopa, codeine, hydrocodone, meperidine; inactive compounds that rely on metabolism to become active Adverse effect - Correct Ans-Any undesirable or unintended effect after administration of a drug Potency - Correct Ans-How much of a drug is needed to produce a biologic response. The affinity of a drug for a receptor. Rational drug selection - Correct Ans-Identifying the proper drug for the clinical need, in doses that meet the individual patient's requirements, for an appropriate period of time, at the lowest cost Prototype - Correct Ans-Drug that embodies the characteristics shared by all members of the drug family; to know the prototype is to know the drug class Pharmacogenetics - Correct Ans-How genes influence individual drug responses; drugs can work faster or slower, have increased side effects, not work at all Efficacy - Correct Ans-Maximum effect that can be achieved by a drug, such that after this is reached, no higher dose will produce any further effect. It is the effect that drug has on the receptor (protein). Pharmacokinetics - Correct Ans-The study of how our bodies affect a drug. P450 Inducers - Correct Ans-Speed up P450 metabolism/destruction of drug. Makes P450 show up faster to start metabolizing. Causes subtherapuetic effect b/c breaking down drug faster. "CRAP GPS induces my rage" Carbamazepine Rifampin Phenytoin Griseofulvin Phenobarbital Sulfonylureas P450 Inhibitors - Correct Ans-Inhibits P450 enzyme (prevents it from doing its job). Decreases drug metabolism. Can cause toxicity of the drug that needs to be broken down. Causes therapeutic effect. Valproate, Ketoconazole, Isoniazid, Sulfonamindes, Chloramphenicol, Amiodarone, Erythromycin, Quinidine, Grapefruit juice. P450 Sub types - Correct Ans-A group of heme-containing hepatic enzymes that catalyze the oxidative biotransformation of lipophilic substrates to more polar hydrophilic compounds. CYP-1A2 CYP-2E1 CYP-2C9 CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 CYP-1A2 - Correct Ans-Metabolizes Aceteminophen (1 word with 2 As) P450 subtype CYP-2E1 - Correct Ans-Metabolizes Ethanol (21 to drink) P450 subtype CYP-2C9 - Correct Ans-Metabolizes Warfarin/Coumadin (2, C, 9- coumadin factors) P450 subtype CYP- 2D6 - Correct Ans-Metabolizes Cardiovascular Drugs (2D Echo) P450 subtype CYP-3A4 - Correct Ans-Metabolizes 60% of all drugs Most common (use process of elimination) P450 subtype