NURS 611 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 -
Comprehensive Study Guide with Verified
Questions and Detailed Answers for 2024
1. What is the main ion found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
A) Potassium
B) Calcium
C) Sodium
D) Magnesium
Answer: C) Sodium
Rationale: Sodium is the primary cation in ECF and is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and
nerve conduction.
2. Which ion is primarily found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Potassium
D) Chloride
Answer: C) Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the main cation in ICF, essential for cell function and maintaining
membrane potential.
3. What organelle is responsible for producing ATP?
A) Ribosome
B) Golgi Apparatus
C) Lysosome
D) Mitochondria
Answer: D) Mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation.
4. What do ribosomes do?
,A) Synthesize ATP
B) Degrade waste
C) Synthesize proteins
D) Package and distribute proteins
Answer: C) Synthesize proteins
Rationale: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptides.
5. What is the function of lysosomes?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Waste degradation and recycling
D) Lipid synthesis
Answer: C) Waste degradation and recycling
Rationale: Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
6. Which organelle is responsible for packaging and distribution of proteins?
A) Golgi Apparatus
B) Ribosome
C) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D) Mitochondria
Answer: A) Golgi Apparatus
Rationale: The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery
to other organelles.
7. What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Detoxification and steroid synthesis
D) Waste degradation
Answer: C) Detoxification and steroid synthesis
Rationale: Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxifying harmful metabolic
byproducts.
8. What type of junction is a tight junction?
,A) Permeable junction
B) Gap junction
C) Impermeable junction
D) Desmosome
Answer: C) Impermeable junction
Rationale: Tight junctions create a barrier that prevents the passage of molecules between
cells, maintaining strength and integrity.
9. Which junction allows for conductivity between cells?
A) Tight Junction
B) Desmosome
C) Gap Junction
D) Adherens Junction
Answer: C) Gap Junction
Rationale: Gap junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass directly between adjacent cells,
facilitating electrical communication.
10. Which transport mechanisms are considered non-energy requiring?
A) Active Transport
B) Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
C) Endocytosis
D) Exocytosis
Answer: B) Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Rationale: These processes move substances across cell membranes without the need for ATP.
11. What does active transport require?
A) No energy
B) Passive diffusion
C) Energy (ATP)
D) Water
Answer: C) Energy (ATP)
Rationale: Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration
gradient.
12. What effect does a hypotonic fluid have on cells?
, A) Cells shrink
B) Cells swell
C) No effect
D) Cells burst
Answer: B) Cells swell
Rationale: Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of
the cell, causing water to flow in.
13. What is the result of a hypertonic fluid on cells?
A) Cells swell
B) Cells burst
C) Cells shrink
D) No effect
Answer: C) Cells shrink
Rationale: Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes, leading to water leaving
the cell.
14. How many ATP are produced during aerobic respiration?
A) 2 ATP
B) 18 ATP
C) 36 ATP
D) 38 ATP
Answer: C) 36 ATP
Rationale: Aerobic respiration typically yields about 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule,
depending on the cell type.
15. How much ATP is generated from anaerobic respiration?
A) 2 ATP
B) 36 ATP
C) 38 ATP
D) 4 ATP
Answer: A) 2 ATP
Rationale: Anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule through glycolysis.
16. What is the leading cause of cellular injury?
Comprehensive Study Guide with Verified
Questions and Detailed Answers for 2024
1. What is the main ion found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
A) Potassium
B) Calcium
C) Sodium
D) Magnesium
Answer: C) Sodium
Rationale: Sodium is the primary cation in ECF and is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and
nerve conduction.
2. Which ion is primarily found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Potassium
D) Chloride
Answer: C) Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the main cation in ICF, essential for cell function and maintaining
membrane potential.
3. What organelle is responsible for producing ATP?
A) Ribosome
B) Golgi Apparatus
C) Lysosome
D) Mitochondria
Answer: D) Mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation.
4. What do ribosomes do?
,A) Synthesize ATP
B) Degrade waste
C) Synthesize proteins
D) Package and distribute proteins
Answer: C) Synthesize proteins
Rationale: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptides.
5. What is the function of lysosomes?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Waste degradation and recycling
D) Lipid synthesis
Answer: C) Waste degradation and recycling
Rationale: Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
6. Which organelle is responsible for packaging and distribution of proteins?
A) Golgi Apparatus
B) Ribosome
C) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D) Mitochondria
Answer: A) Golgi Apparatus
Rationale: The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery
to other organelles.
7. What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Detoxification and steroid synthesis
D) Waste degradation
Answer: C) Detoxification and steroid synthesis
Rationale: Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxifying harmful metabolic
byproducts.
8. What type of junction is a tight junction?
,A) Permeable junction
B) Gap junction
C) Impermeable junction
D) Desmosome
Answer: C) Impermeable junction
Rationale: Tight junctions create a barrier that prevents the passage of molecules between
cells, maintaining strength and integrity.
9. Which junction allows for conductivity between cells?
A) Tight Junction
B) Desmosome
C) Gap Junction
D) Adherens Junction
Answer: C) Gap Junction
Rationale: Gap junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass directly between adjacent cells,
facilitating electrical communication.
10. Which transport mechanisms are considered non-energy requiring?
A) Active Transport
B) Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
C) Endocytosis
D) Exocytosis
Answer: B) Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Rationale: These processes move substances across cell membranes without the need for ATP.
11. What does active transport require?
A) No energy
B) Passive diffusion
C) Energy (ATP)
D) Water
Answer: C) Energy (ATP)
Rationale: Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration
gradient.
12. What effect does a hypotonic fluid have on cells?
, A) Cells shrink
B) Cells swell
C) No effect
D) Cells burst
Answer: B) Cells swell
Rationale: Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of
the cell, causing water to flow in.
13. What is the result of a hypertonic fluid on cells?
A) Cells swell
B) Cells burst
C) Cells shrink
D) No effect
Answer: C) Cells shrink
Rationale: Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes, leading to water leaving
the cell.
14. How many ATP are produced during aerobic respiration?
A) 2 ATP
B) 18 ATP
C) 36 ATP
D) 38 ATP
Answer: C) 36 ATP
Rationale: Aerobic respiration typically yields about 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule,
depending on the cell type.
15. How much ATP is generated from anaerobic respiration?
A) 2 ATP
B) 36 ATP
C) 38 ATP
D) 4 ATP
Answer: A) 2 ATP
Rationale: Anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule through glycolysis.
16. What is the leading cause of cellular injury?
