BIO 2301 LECTURE EXAM 2
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
under what conditions are these hormones secreted? - ANSWER-acute stress,
increase cardiac output
which portion of the adrenal gland secretes cortisol? - ANSWER-adrenal cortex
under what conditions is cortisol secreted? - ANSWER-chronic stress
other than immune-suppression, name three specific effects of cortisol - ANSWER-
increased blood glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
name the pituitary and hypothalamic hormones which control cortisol secretion -
ANSWER-pituitary: adrenocorticotropic hypothalamic: corticotropin releasing
hormone
what would happen to CRH and ACTH secretion if an individual was injected with a
large dose of cortisol? - ANSWER-more inhibition to ACTH and CRH secretion so
decreased levels of both
how does cortisol affect protein breakdown? - ANSWER-increased cortisol levels
increase protein breakdown- amino acids
list the three hormones which have the most significant role in regulating blood
glucose levels - ANSWER-growth hormone (GH), glucagon, insulin
define diabetes mellitus - ANSWER-chronic hyperglycemia
under what conditions is GH secreted? - ANSWER-elevated blood glucose levels
under what conditions is insulin secreted? - ANSWER-low blood glucose levels
under what conditions is glucagon secreted? - ANSWER-elevated blood glucose
levels
what effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels? - ANSWER-increases blood
glucose levels
what effect does GH have on blood glucose levels? - ANSWER-lowers blood
glucose levels
what effect does glucagon have on blood glucose levels? - ANSWER-lowers blood
glucose levels
which of these hormones protects the body from hypoglycemia? - ANSWER-Insulin
, which of these hormones protects the body from hyperglycemia? - ANSWER-GH
and Glucagon
what causes hyperglycemia in Type I diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER-lack of insulin
secretion
what causes hyperglycemia in Type II diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER-non-functioning
insulin
explain receptor downregulation - ANSWER-when there is chronic over stimulation
of cell with hormone causes cell to remove its receptors; without receptors, the cell is
insensitive to hormones
under what conditions does receptor downregulation occur? - ANSWER-chronic over
stimulation of cells either by chronic hyperglycemia or by agonist neurotransmitters
what are receptor downregulation consequences? - ANSWER-pharmaceuticals are
usually agonist which can cause over stimulation of the cell with the pharmaceutical
and can cause receptor downregulation and the drugs can lose their effect
what type of diabetes mellitus does receptor downregulation cause? - ANSWER-type
II diabetes
what is the common name of Type II diabetes? - ANSWER-adult onset diabetes
mellitus
what is the common name of Type I diabetes - ANSWER-juvenile onset diabetes
mellitus
what is the cause of Type I diabetes? - ANSWER-pancreas cannot make insulin
what is the cause of Type II diabetes? - ANSWER-cells have lost sensitivity to insulin
what is the treatment of Type I diabetes? - ANSWER-insulin injections
what is the treatment of Type II diabetes? - ANSWER-diet
if untreated, in which type diabetes would insulin levels be the highest? - ANSWER-
type 2
from which gland is PRL secreted? - ANSWER-anterior Pituitary
what endocrine structure or gland controls PRL secretion? - ANSWER-hypothalamus
describe PRL's role in lactation - ANSWER-milk production
list three hormones which stimulate PRL secretion - ANSWER-TRH (thyroid
regulation hormone) , OT (oxytocin), VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
under what conditions are these hormones secreted? - ANSWER-acute stress,
increase cardiac output
which portion of the adrenal gland secretes cortisol? - ANSWER-adrenal cortex
under what conditions is cortisol secreted? - ANSWER-chronic stress
other than immune-suppression, name three specific effects of cortisol - ANSWER-
increased blood glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
name the pituitary and hypothalamic hormones which control cortisol secretion -
ANSWER-pituitary: adrenocorticotropic hypothalamic: corticotropin releasing
hormone
what would happen to CRH and ACTH secretion if an individual was injected with a
large dose of cortisol? - ANSWER-more inhibition to ACTH and CRH secretion so
decreased levels of both
how does cortisol affect protein breakdown? - ANSWER-increased cortisol levels
increase protein breakdown- amino acids
list the three hormones which have the most significant role in regulating blood
glucose levels - ANSWER-growth hormone (GH), glucagon, insulin
define diabetes mellitus - ANSWER-chronic hyperglycemia
under what conditions is GH secreted? - ANSWER-elevated blood glucose levels
under what conditions is insulin secreted? - ANSWER-low blood glucose levels
under what conditions is glucagon secreted? - ANSWER-elevated blood glucose
levels
what effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels? - ANSWER-increases blood
glucose levels
what effect does GH have on blood glucose levels? - ANSWER-lowers blood
glucose levels
what effect does glucagon have on blood glucose levels? - ANSWER-lowers blood
glucose levels
which of these hormones protects the body from hypoglycemia? - ANSWER-Insulin
, which of these hormones protects the body from hyperglycemia? - ANSWER-GH
and Glucagon
what causes hyperglycemia in Type I diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER-lack of insulin
secretion
what causes hyperglycemia in Type II diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER-non-functioning
insulin
explain receptor downregulation - ANSWER-when there is chronic over stimulation
of cell with hormone causes cell to remove its receptors; without receptors, the cell is
insensitive to hormones
under what conditions does receptor downregulation occur? - ANSWER-chronic over
stimulation of cells either by chronic hyperglycemia or by agonist neurotransmitters
what are receptor downregulation consequences? - ANSWER-pharmaceuticals are
usually agonist which can cause over stimulation of the cell with the pharmaceutical
and can cause receptor downregulation and the drugs can lose their effect
what type of diabetes mellitus does receptor downregulation cause? - ANSWER-type
II diabetes
what is the common name of Type II diabetes? - ANSWER-adult onset diabetes
mellitus
what is the common name of Type I diabetes - ANSWER-juvenile onset diabetes
mellitus
what is the cause of Type I diabetes? - ANSWER-pancreas cannot make insulin
what is the cause of Type II diabetes? - ANSWER-cells have lost sensitivity to insulin
what is the treatment of Type I diabetes? - ANSWER-insulin injections
what is the treatment of Type II diabetes? - ANSWER-diet
if untreated, in which type diabetes would insulin levels be the highest? - ANSWER-
type 2
from which gland is PRL secreted? - ANSWER-anterior Pituitary
what endocrine structure or gland controls PRL secretion? - ANSWER-hypothalamus
describe PRL's role in lactation - ANSWER-milk production
list three hormones which stimulate PRL secretion - ANSWER-TRH (thyroid
regulation hormone) , OT (oxytocin), VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
