Geology 105 Exam 2 (CofC) || with 100% Errorless Answers.
Red Queen Hypothesis correct answers Arms race; constantly changing environment to adapt
Stromatolites correct answers Low mounds of fine sediment that form in iron-rich water and
produce oxygen in ocean; trace fossils; lived in shallow shorelines.
Methane correct answers Early atmosphere was full of methane because there was incoming
sunlight to Earth but no oxygen yet.
Banded Iron Formation correct answers Evidence of O2 in oceans: Weathering and erosion put
iron into the ocean + oxidation events formed alternating layers of iron oxide. Volcanic eruptions
enriching the ocean with iron.
Great Oxygenation Event correct answers When the oxygen is in the atmosphere, it decreases the
amount of methane in the air; sky turns from orange to blue. Solar UV rays with high oxygen
levels produce ozone to block UV radiation = allows organisms to evolve without burning to
death.
Oxygen correct answers The stromatolites produced oxygen in the ocean. More shallow waters,
more stromatolites = more oxygen.
Huronian Ice Age correct answers The first ice age occurs 2.5-2.1 bya when there is so much
oxygen in the atmosphere that the Earth and oceans freeze; caused by life.
Pyrite correct answers Evidence of no oxygen in ocean
Continental Red Beds correct answers Evidence of O2 in atmosphere: When there's more oxygen
in the ocean than iron, the oxygen leaks into the atmosphere turning the surface red since oxygen
+ iron = rust.
Prokaryotic cells correct answers Archaean and bacteria; coil of DNA, no membrane, doesn't
need oxygen
Eukaryotic cell correct answers Cells with nuclei; 100x bigger than prokaryote, has membrane,
needs oxygen. (ie. Algae, fungi, holozoans, metazoans).
Endosymbiosis correct answers Where one organism lives in another for mutual benefit.
Prokaryotes oxidize within eukaryotes
Snowball (slush ball) Earth correct answers Occurs between 750-620 mya; massive and
widespread glaciation linked with metazoan radiation. Earth frozen from pole to pole except near
volcanoes, 350 eruptions = Earth hot-house, weathering and photosynthesis decreased CO2
levels
, Cambrian Explosion correct answers Where all the modern life happens; every phylum we have
on earth is in this period
- Increased volcanic activity: more COs and increased temperature (needed after snowball earth)
- Increased food supply: increased burrowing and ocean oxygenated)
- Increased O2 level: more energy for animals to grow
- Hox genes: explains why organisms have similar form and function in their genes
- Eyes evolution
- Predator vs. prey communities
Ediacaran Fauna correct answers Tells us that life was still evolving during the Snowball Earth;
flat, ridged, filter-feeders that live in sandy sediments; live on surface in O2 environment with
low nutrients
Metazoans correct answers Sponges, jelly fish, sea anemone, humans, dogs: asymmetrical, radial
and bilateral symmetry.
Little Shelly Fauna correct answers First shelled animals; first appearance of skeletonize taxa;
545 mya
Worm burrows correct answers Increasing the nutrients available = increased ability to grow
Burgess Shale correct answers Descent with modification: all basic body plans found today
existed here due to nature's tinkering; variety of body forms, high diversity of early life; many
experimental bodies; animals lived at based of underwater cliff (continental shelf); underwater
landslide preserved all these creatures.
Opabinia correct answers 5 eyes, retractable mouth
Halluciengia correct answers Stubby appendages near hear, long and pointy legs that walk on
ocean floor
Pikaia correct answers Ancestor to all chordates because they had a backbone and survived out
of all the fauna extinction. Humans wouldn't exist if pikaia didn't survive.
Ostracoderms correct answers First fish to have *no jaw*, armored plates for protection, no
internal skeleton, swimmer, flat
Osteostraacans correct answers No jaw, armored plates, appendages attached to body, *paired
fins*
Placoderms correct answers *Has a jaw*, only head armor (no body armor), *cartilage body*, no
teeth, fins. Top predator for a while.
Sharks correct answers Jaw, paired fins, cartilage, *teeth*, new top predator
Red Queen Hypothesis correct answers Arms race; constantly changing environment to adapt
Stromatolites correct answers Low mounds of fine sediment that form in iron-rich water and
produce oxygen in ocean; trace fossils; lived in shallow shorelines.
Methane correct answers Early atmosphere was full of methane because there was incoming
sunlight to Earth but no oxygen yet.
Banded Iron Formation correct answers Evidence of O2 in oceans: Weathering and erosion put
iron into the ocean + oxidation events formed alternating layers of iron oxide. Volcanic eruptions
enriching the ocean with iron.
Great Oxygenation Event correct answers When the oxygen is in the atmosphere, it decreases the
amount of methane in the air; sky turns from orange to blue. Solar UV rays with high oxygen
levels produce ozone to block UV radiation = allows organisms to evolve without burning to
death.
Oxygen correct answers The stromatolites produced oxygen in the ocean. More shallow waters,
more stromatolites = more oxygen.
Huronian Ice Age correct answers The first ice age occurs 2.5-2.1 bya when there is so much
oxygen in the atmosphere that the Earth and oceans freeze; caused by life.
Pyrite correct answers Evidence of no oxygen in ocean
Continental Red Beds correct answers Evidence of O2 in atmosphere: When there's more oxygen
in the ocean than iron, the oxygen leaks into the atmosphere turning the surface red since oxygen
+ iron = rust.
Prokaryotic cells correct answers Archaean and bacteria; coil of DNA, no membrane, doesn't
need oxygen
Eukaryotic cell correct answers Cells with nuclei; 100x bigger than prokaryote, has membrane,
needs oxygen. (ie. Algae, fungi, holozoans, metazoans).
Endosymbiosis correct answers Where one organism lives in another for mutual benefit.
Prokaryotes oxidize within eukaryotes
Snowball (slush ball) Earth correct answers Occurs between 750-620 mya; massive and
widespread glaciation linked with metazoan radiation. Earth frozen from pole to pole except near
volcanoes, 350 eruptions = Earth hot-house, weathering and photosynthesis decreased CO2
levels
, Cambrian Explosion correct answers Where all the modern life happens; every phylum we have
on earth is in this period
- Increased volcanic activity: more COs and increased temperature (needed after snowball earth)
- Increased food supply: increased burrowing and ocean oxygenated)
- Increased O2 level: more energy for animals to grow
- Hox genes: explains why organisms have similar form and function in their genes
- Eyes evolution
- Predator vs. prey communities
Ediacaran Fauna correct answers Tells us that life was still evolving during the Snowball Earth;
flat, ridged, filter-feeders that live in sandy sediments; live on surface in O2 environment with
low nutrients
Metazoans correct answers Sponges, jelly fish, sea anemone, humans, dogs: asymmetrical, radial
and bilateral symmetry.
Little Shelly Fauna correct answers First shelled animals; first appearance of skeletonize taxa;
545 mya
Worm burrows correct answers Increasing the nutrients available = increased ability to grow
Burgess Shale correct answers Descent with modification: all basic body plans found today
existed here due to nature's tinkering; variety of body forms, high diversity of early life; many
experimental bodies; animals lived at based of underwater cliff (continental shelf); underwater
landslide preserved all these creatures.
Opabinia correct answers 5 eyes, retractable mouth
Halluciengia correct answers Stubby appendages near hear, long and pointy legs that walk on
ocean floor
Pikaia correct answers Ancestor to all chordates because they had a backbone and survived out
of all the fauna extinction. Humans wouldn't exist if pikaia didn't survive.
Ostracoderms correct answers First fish to have *no jaw*, armored plates for protection, no
internal skeleton, swimmer, flat
Osteostraacans correct answers No jaw, armored plates, appendages attached to body, *paired
fins*
Placoderms correct answers *Has a jaw*, only head armor (no body armor), *cartilage body*, no
teeth, fins. Top predator for a while.
Sharks correct answers Jaw, paired fins, cartilage, *teeth*, new top predator
