AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER - >- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection - ANSWER - >Person Gains knowledge about their mental
state by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - ANSWER - >Knowledge is derived from sensory
experience, characterised by the use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - ANSWER - >The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER - >- methods were unreliable as it relied
on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are
behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER - >- its objective and
systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
,Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - >Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is
consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on
the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned
response
Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER - >UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - ANSWER - >- If time interval is too great between
conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous
Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - >Skinner - Learning through
reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by
a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Behaviour Produces a response
that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Doing something to stop
unpleasant response
Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Strengthening a response
,Punishment - ANSWER - >An unpleasant consequence following a
behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - >- Scheduling
reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - >- Applications in
treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have
different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - >- Use of experimental
method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - ANSWER - >Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - ANSWER - >Copying a models behaviour
Identification - ANSWER - >Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours
of a model because they want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Individuals learn about the likely
consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their
behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER - >Observer forms a
mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the
probable consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER - >- Applications in
human behaviour
, - research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people
already have this a try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - ANSWER - >Children were exposed to aggressive
or non aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll
Bandura Findings - ANSWER - >Children who had aggressive models
were aggressive to the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the
doll
Cognitive - ANSWER - >Refers to mental processes such as perception,
memory and reasoning
Schema - ANSWER - >A cognitive framework that helps us organise and
interpret information
Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER - >They help us make sense of new
information by filling in gaps
Theoretical Models - ANSWER - >Pictorial representations of cognitive
processes based on research evidence
Computer Model - ANSWER - >Computer analogy of input process
storage output to represent the human cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER - >non-invasive imaging techniques
such as PET and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the
brain works
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER - >- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection - ANSWER - >Person Gains knowledge about their mental
state by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - ANSWER - >Knowledge is derived from sensory
experience, characterised by the use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - ANSWER - >The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER - >- methods were unreliable as it relied
on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are
behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER - >- its objective and
systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
,Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - >Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is
consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on
the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned
response
Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER - >UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - ANSWER - >- If time interval is too great between
conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous
Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - >Skinner - Learning through
reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by
a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Behaviour Produces a response
that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Doing something to stop
unpleasant response
Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Strengthening a response
,Punishment - ANSWER - >An unpleasant consequence following a
behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - >- Scheduling
reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - >- Applications in
treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have
different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - >- Use of experimental
method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - ANSWER - >Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - ANSWER - >Copying a models behaviour
Identification - ANSWER - >Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours
of a model because they want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER - >Individuals learn about the likely
consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their
behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER - >Observer forms a
mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the
probable consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER - >- Applications in
human behaviour
, - research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people
already have this a try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - ANSWER - >Children were exposed to aggressive
or non aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll
Bandura Findings - ANSWER - >Children who had aggressive models
were aggressive to the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the
doll
Cognitive - ANSWER - >Refers to mental processes such as perception,
memory and reasoning
Schema - ANSWER - >A cognitive framework that helps us organise and
interpret information
Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER - >They help us make sense of new
information by filling in gaps
Theoretical Models - ANSWER - >Pictorial representations of cognitive
processes based on research evidence
Computer Model - ANSWER - >Computer analogy of input process
storage output to represent the human cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER - >non-invasive imaging techniques
such as PET and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the
brain works
