bio 1010 exam 1 Application questions And Answers

You go outside on a hot day and sweat evaporates from your skin. In what layer of the integument was that sweat generated? - ANS dermis When cells from the stratum basale die, where will they go next? - ANS Stratum corneum If you took a cross section through the structures in your dermis, which of those structures would have a hollow space located inside to allow for the flow of fluids? - ANS sweat glands A dust mite will feed on cells that have come directly from the: - ANS epidermis: stratum corneum (keratin) List as many specific examples of homeostasis as you can think of - ANS temperature 98.6, blood pH, glucose levels, blood pressure, calcium levels What changes in the physical appearance of the skin are warning signs that malignant (cancerous) cells could be present? - ANS raised moles/discoloration of skin (ABC's of moles) List 3 things that cause wrinkles in humans. - ANS age, smoking, UV radiation If you got a nose ring, what type of cartilage would you be piercing? - ANS Hyaline cartilage Why are arrector pilli muscles really effective for rabbits on a cold day, but not necessarily for humans? - ANS they are smooth muscles that are attached to and erect hairs when we get cold, serving as a buffer layer of warmth because they have so much hair If you have back trouble, it is because you have damaged this type of joint. - ANS Cartilaginous joints If you tear your ACL, what type of joint has been destabilized? - ANS Synovial joint Why does cartilage breakdown cause pain in your joints? - ANS it reduces the amount of shock between bones - may rub together If a bone is deposited into a joint, this would indicate what condition? - ANS rheumatoid arthritis Why does cartilage damage often take longer to repair than bone damage? - ANS there is no blood flow to cartilage like their is to bone What age range is key for getting enough calcium to help prevent osteoporosis later? - ANS 25-40 years Besides getting enough calcium, what else is absolutely necessary to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis? - ANS exercise Why can humans communicate so much more information with our faces than most other animals? - ANS because we have more facial muscles If your muscles ran out of ATP, what specifically would that prevent in sarcomere contraction? - ANS the attachment and reattachment of myosin on the actin heads. the myofilaments would not slide past each other You rest after running a sprint, as the muscles in your leg RELAX, what will happen to the sarcomere? - ANS It will stop contracting and stretch back out Why would it be harmful if your muscle cells always maintained a negative charge? - ANS Because that means the nerve impulse would not cause an action potential to release the calcium ions. In tetany, the ____ has been so high that it has caused the muscle to lock up. - ANS Rate of the stimulus What stage (relaxation vs. contraction) is your sarcomere in when the H zone has disappeared? - ANS contraction When the Z band moves away from the center of the sarcomere, the sarcomere is: - ANS relaxing You pick up a heavy weight, what happens to the myosin heads in your bicep when you do that? - ANS The number of actin and myosin filaments increases with increased exercise; also when picking up something heavy, they will bind to the actin filament binding sites which causes the sarcomere to contract If you don't have enough ATP for myosin heads to release from the actin filaments, what will your muscle do? - ANS the myofilaments will not slide past one another You sprint up the stairs in the classroom and then go for a five mile run around campus, what type(s) of respiration were you using for those activities? - ANS anaerobic then aerobic If transverse tubules were blocked, where would the nerve impulse die each time? - ANS the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) If you eat a cheeseburger, where is that protein digested? - ANS the stomach and the small intestine If you stand on your head and swallow food, the food will go to your stomach. Why? - ANS because of peristalsis- waves of contractions that move food through the digestive tract A lipid is in your jejunum, what enzyme will hydrolyze that? - ANS lipase What condition is caused when the cardiac sphincter doesn't close properly? - ANS heartburn. when the cardiac sphincter does not close properly, it lets food release itself into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Someone has bariatric surgery and food travels to their large intestine quickly. What type of food molecules will be broken down in the large intestine? - ANS salty food with alot of water and vitamins would be absorbed, while the undigested food will be broken down and turned into bile. When someone swallows something and it chokes them up, and they say, "it went down the wrong way," why is that a fairly accurate description? - ANS Because the epiglottis did not close off the entrance to the trachea, allowing food particles to go down the wrong path Why is the duodenum considered the workhorse of the small intestine? What is released here, where do those substances come from, what do they break down? - ANS it's where the chyme goes after it first exits the stomach. it collects bile from the liver which is stored in gallbladder. Bile breaks large drops of lipids into smaller drops- emulsification. enzymes and sodium bicarbonate enzymes from the pancreas, which neutralizes the acid in chime and hydrolyzes carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.