OPOTA- Unit 1 Topic 4
Distinguish the concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy - ANS-Lawful- defined by laws
and standards.
Criminal Law- identifies what actions are prohibited, rules of agency. Constitutional law (4th, 5th,
and 6th amendments).Officers can act lawfully and within the parameters of agency policy and
the citizenry still not perceive there to be police legitimacy. There can be lawful, but awful
interactions.
Police legitimacy- Exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise power in
order to maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in the community.
Identify three resulting judgements of police legitimacy in action that translate into positive
results. - ANS-Judgement- Public trust and confidence in police as being honest, trying to do
jobs well, and trying to protect the community. Result- Individuals are more likely to become
actively involved in police-community partnerships.
Judgement- Public willingness to defer to the law and police authority. Result- There is a
correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the police as legitimate;in
addition, those who see the police as legitimate have an increased willingness to cooperate by
reporting crimes and providing valuable information about known and suspected offenders.
Judgement- Public belief that police actions are morally justified. Result- Citizens are more likely
to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis.
Determine when it is permissible for citizens to film police - ANS-At least one party to the
encounter consents orWhen the officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does
not interfere with the officers carrying out their duties.
Identify the relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics - ANS-Race is a
modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical characteristics
It is not, as many people think, based on genetics. Despite surface appearances, humans are
one of the most genetically similar species and Within the human species, there is no distinct
genetic profile that completely distinguishes on so-called race from another.
This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape, blood type,
athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of one another
Identify the connection between in-groups, out-groups, and police legitimacy - ANS-Some
individuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's societal position rather
than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the police contact.
, Differentiate the types of racism - ANS-Individual Racism- Internalized, unexpressed biases and
prejudices based on race. Interpersonal Racism- Occurs between individuals. Includes public
expressions of racial prejudice and hate made by individuals.
Institutional Racism- Race based discriminatory policy and treatment that are produced and
perpetuated by institutions (e.g. schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in
inequitable opportunities and impact. Occurs within and between institutions. Includes the
discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g. a bank loan
officer representing a banking institution, treating someone with racial bias a police officer,
representing a law enforcement institution, treating someone with racial bias).
Structural Racism - Refuse to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and
perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racist intent. It is broadly encompassing
- it touches on all aspects of society (e.g. history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from
which the other types of racism emerge. Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access
to opportunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional.
Identify the components of bias - ANS-Stereotypes- Generalizations about the perceived "typical
characteristics of a social category. We categorize people by their age, gender, race, and role.
Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point
out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups.
Prejudices- An often negative prejudgement based on characteristics such as race, age, etc.
That is not necessarily reasonable or logical.
Attitude- Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups: the tendency to like
or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward someone or something.
Differentiate bias based profiling and criminal profiling - ANS-Bias- Based profiling, racial
profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used interchangeably
Bias-Based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person by
stopping, questioning, searching detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the person's
ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.
Criminal Profiling- Based on observed behaviors and characteristics.
Bias-Based profiling- The factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating
factors for law enforcement intervention.
Explain explicit biases and implicit biases - ANS-Explicit and Implicit bias- Common
characteristics - Everyone possesses them. They have real world effects on behavior. They can
relate , for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight, or age.
Distinguish the concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy - ANS-Lawful- defined by laws
and standards.
Criminal Law- identifies what actions are prohibited, rules of agency. Constitutional law (4th, 5th,
and 6th amendments).Officers can act lawfully and within the parameters of agency policy and
the citizenry still not perceive there to be police legitimacy. There can be lawful, but awful
interactions.
Police legitimacy- Exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise power in
order to maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in the community.
Identify three resulting judgements of police legitimacy in action that translate into positive
results. - ANS-Judgement- Public trust and confidence in police as being honest, trying to do
jobs well, and trying to protect the community. Result- Individuals are more likely to become
actively involved in police-community partnerships.
Judgement- Public willingness to defer to the law and police authority. Result- There is a
correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the police as legitimate;in
addition, those who see the police as legitimate have an increased willingness to cooperate by
reporting crimes and providing valuable information about known and suspected offenders.
Judgement- Public belief that police actions are morally justified. Result- Citizens are more likely
to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis.
Determine when it is permissible for citizens to film police - ANS-At least one party to the
encounter consents orWhen the officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does
not interfere with the officers carrying out their duties.
Identify the relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics - ANS-Race is a
modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical characteristics
It is not, as many people think, based on genetics. Despite surface appearances, humans are
one of the most genetically similar species and Within the human species, there is no distinct
genetic profile that completely distinguishes on so-called race from another.
This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape, blood type,
athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of one another
Identify the connection between in-groups, out-groups, and police legitimacy - ANS-Some
individuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's societal position rather
than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the police contact.
, Differentiate the types of racism - ANS-Individual Racism- Internalized, unexpressed biases and
prejudices based on race. Interpersonal Racism- Occurs between individuals. Includes public
expressions of racial prejudice and hate made by individuals.
Institutional Racism- Race based discriminatory policy and treatment that are produced and
perpetuated by institutions (e.g. schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in
inequitable opportunities and impact. Occurs within and between institutions. Includes the
discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g. a bank loan
officer representing a banking institution, treating someone with racial bias a police officer,
representing a law enforcement institution, treating someone with racial bias).
Structural Racism - Refuse to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and
perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racist intent. It is broadly encompassing
- it touches on all aspects of society (e.g. history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from
which the other types of racism emerge. Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access
to opportunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional.
Identify the components of bias - ANS-Stereotypes- Generalizations about the perceived "typical
characteristics of a social category. We categorize people by their age, gender, race, and role.
Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point
out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups.
Prejudices- An often negative prejudgement based on characteristics such as race, age, etc.
That is not necessarily reasonable or logical.
Attitude- Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups: the tendency to like
or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward someone or something.
Differentiate bias based profiling and criminal profiling - ANS-Bias- Based profiling, racial
profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used interchangeably
Bias-Based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person by
stopping, questioning, searching detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the person's
ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.
Criminal Profiling- Based on observed behaviors and characteristics.
Bias-Based profiling- The factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating
factors for law enforcement intervention.
Explain explicit biases and implicit biases - ANS-Explicit and Implicit bias- Common
characteristics - Everyone possesses them. They have real world effects on behavior. They can
relate , for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight, or age.
