Self-Report - OCR A Level Psychology Proctored Exam Questions And Answers Course Approved.

The two main self-report techniques - correct answer Questionnaires. Interviews. Questionnaires - correct answer - Are written methods of gaining data. - They may be completed by the participant or may act as a set of questions that a researcher reads to the participant whose answers are recorded. - Do not necessarily require the presence of the researcher. - The person completing the questionnaire is known as the respondent. - Can be paper based or in electronic format. Interviews - correct answer - The person being interviewed is known as the interviewee. - Involve direct verbal questioning of the subject by a researcher. - Can vary in how structured they are, being structured, semi-structured or unstructured. Types of interviews- correct answer Structured. Semi-structured. Unstructured. Structured interview - correct answer The interviewer asks each interviewee the same identical, fixed questions in the same order. Closed questions are often used, with the interviewee picking the answer that is closest to their views Semi-structured interview - correct answer The interviewer will have a set of questions to ask and is expected to ask all of them, but the phrasing and timing of them is left up to the interviewer. Questions may invite more open-ended responses. Unstructured interview - correct answer The researcher has topics to discuss but these don't have to be in the same order for each participant. The interview is more like a conversation, with further questions being developed in response to the interviewees answers. Types of questions - correct answer -Open questions -Closed questions -Scales Open questions - correct answer Questions that ask a participant to respond to a set question but leave a blank space underneath the question so participants can answer in whatever style they choose. Often used to assess peoples emotions or reasons why they choose to do certain things. They produce qualitative data. Advantages of open questions - correct answer -Detailed rich data - Able to find out true views as participants are not forced to select an option that is pre-set and isn't fully true to them. Closed questions - correct answer Questions that give the answers to the participant and they have to choose the most appropriate answer for them (e.g. yes or no). These questions give quantitative data. Disadvantages of open questions - correct answer - Not easily turned into quantitative data - When being analysed researchers have to decide what it means, which could end up being wrong or bias. Advantages of closed questions - correct answer - Can be easily turned into quantitative data. - It is easier and quicker for participant to respond. - You can make sure you get the data you want as the participants have to choose one. Disadvantages of closed questions - correct answer - Doesn't always give enough options/choices. - Participants may be forces to choose an option they don't feel reflects their views. - Not very detailed as it lacks reasons why they selected that answer. Different types of scales - correct answer - Rating scales - Likert scales - Semantic differential scales Rating scales - correct answer Used to investigate peoples attitudes, also emotions and feelings, towards something by having the person mark an appropriate point along a numerical dimension to indicate direction and strength of their attitude. e.g. how much do you like chocolate on a scale from 1, really dislike, to 5, really like. Advantages of rating scales - correct answer -Easy to answer -Gives the researcher an idea of how strong a participant feels. -Gives easy to analyse quantitative data. Disadvantages of rating scales - correct answer - There is a tendency for participants to choose the middle so they don't seem to extreme. - risk of personal bias - descriptors of scale may be unclear, leaving them open to interpretation Likert Scales - correct answer A statement followed by a standard response set of scales of agreement which the participant will choose from. Typically the number of interviews included int his scale is 5 or 7 intervals. e.g. Cadburys is the best chocolate Strongly agree Undecided Disagree Strongly disagree Semantic differential scale - correct answer A concept will be given and a participant will then have to indicate between a series of paired words where they would place their feelings .These make use of polar opposite terms (e.g. good/bad, weak/strong), then have a series of spaces inbetween for participants to indicate their feelings.. e.g. Chocolate Good --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Bad Advantages of questionnaires - correct answer - Large amounts of data can be collected quickly and easily. - Highly replicable and easy to score. - Efficient in that the researcher does not need to be present while the participant completes the questionnaire. - Since questionnaires can be done in unanimously this can reduce social desirability effecting answers. Disadvantages of questionnaires - correct answer - Generally lack flexibility. - Self report data may have issues with validity due to social desirability. - Biased by motivation levels. - Ambiguous phrasing of questions may make them difficult to understand.