Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review -Turf & Landscape questions with
correct answers
Ch.1 |List |the |general |kinds |of |damage |insect |pests |can |cause |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Chew |on |
seeds, |roots, |leaves, |stems, |& |fruits
-Tunnel |in |roots, |stems, |& |leaves |
-Suck |plant |juices
-Promote |gall |formation |and |other |malformations |
-Inject |toxins |into |plants |-Transmit |diseases |to |plants
-Create |a |nuisance |for |people
Ch.1 |Describe |the |structural |features |of |insects |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Insects |have: |body |form |
has |3 |regions: |head, |thorax, |abdomen; |3 |pairs |of |legs |attached |to |thorax; |0, |1, |or |2 |pairs |of |wings |
attached |to |thorax; |1 |pair |of |antennae
Ch.1 |Explain |how |to |distinguish |insects |from |other |arthropods |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Arthropods |
have: |exoskeleton; |body |form |has |2 |regions: |head |& |abdomen; |usually |4 |pairs |of |legs |attached |to |
head; |no |wings; |no |antennae
Ch.1 |Contrast |the |difference |between |simple |and |complete |metamorphosis |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Simple: |"Incomplete |Metamorphosis"; |3 |stages: |egg, |nymph, |& |adult
-Complete: |4 |distinct |stages: |egg, |larva, |pupa, |& |adult
Ch.1 |Explain |how |temperature |and |humidity |affect |insect |development |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
*Temperature |& |humidity |preferences |vary |for |each |insect.
*Combined |effect |of |both |on |reproduction |& |development |is |more |dramatically |different |than |the |
effect |of |either |alone.
-Temperature: |development |is |faster |with |heat |& |slower |with |cold |temps; |insects |die |at |the |high |
levels |of |developmental |threshold |temps |and |become |inactive |at |low |levels
-Humidity: |effects |insect |diseases; |effects |moisture |levels |required |for |survival
Ch.1 |List |the |advantages |and |disadvantages |of |using |insecticides |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Advantages: |
-Effective |against |economically |damaging |pests
-Can |combine |1 |or |2 |insecticides |to |combat |several |pests
-They |act |quickly |to |control |pests |before |reaching |damaging |levels
-For |new |pests, |there |are |many |compounds |that |have |been |proven |effective |
-Effective |insecticides, |suitable |formulations, |& |application |equipment |are |normally |available
Disadvantages: |
-Often |eliminate |beneficial |insects, |allowing |target |organisms |to |rebound |quickly |
-Repeated |exposure |can |lead |to |resistance |in |a |pest |population
-Yearly |dependence |on |applications |is |an |added |cost
-Always |a |potential |for |drift, |residues, |and |damage
Ch.2 |Explain |what |determines |whether |a |given |plant |is |a |weed |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Weeds |are
|unwanted |plants
Ch.2 |List |the |two |main |goals |of |weed |management |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Minimize |weed |
competition
2. |Limit |the |weed's |reproduction |so |that |you |can |still |manage |the |weed |population |in |future |years
Ch.2 |Describe |ways |that |weeds |can |pose |problems |in |turf |and |landscapes |(7) |- |VERIFIED |
,ANSWER✔✔--Interfere |with |management |practices
-Produce |chemical |inhibitors |that |directly |retard |the |growth |of |desirable |plants |(allelopathy)
-Create |a |poor |impression |on |customers
-Interferes |with |pesticide |applications
-Support |insect |pests |and |plant |diseases |or |provide |cover |for |rodents
-Are |poisonous, |allergenic, |or |irritating |to |people |or |pets
-Dry |out |or |die |and |become |fire |hazards
Ch.2 |Distinguish |grasses |from |broadleaf |plants |and |woody |from |herbaceous |plants |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Grasses |(Monocots): |most |common |weeds; |have |a |single |seed |leaf |(cotyledon) |when
|they |germinate; |narrow |leaves |with |parallel |viens
-Broadleaves |(Dicots): |have |2 |seed |leaves |when |they |germinate; |veins |form |a |net-like |or |branching
|pattern; |can |be |broken |down |into |Woody |and |Herbaceous |plants
--> |Woody: |have |thickened |outer |layer |on |stems |(bark)
--> |Herbaceous: |lacks |bark
Ch. |2 |Describe |the |life |cycles |and |propagation |of |annual, |biennial, |and |perennial |plants |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Annuals: |live |less |than |12 |months; |most |seeds |germinate |the |following |year, |some |
are |dormant |taking |several |years; |prolific |seed |producers.
--> |Summer |Annuals: |germinate |from |seed |in |spring, |flower/produce |seeds |in |summer, |die |in |late |
summer/early |fall.
--> |Winter |Annuals: |germinate |from |seed |in |fall, |overwinter |as |low-growing |plants, |flower/produce
|seeds |in |spring, |then |die.
-Biennials: |live |for |2 |growing |seasons; |germinate |from |seeds |in |spring |or |summer |and |produce |a |
rosette |of |leaves, |overwinter |in |rosette |stage, |flower |the |following |year, |produce |seed, |and |die.
-Perennials: |live |for |at |least |2 |years, |sometimes |longer; |may |reproduce |by |seed |or |spread |
vegetatively |(stolons, |rhizomes, |spreading |roots, |tubers, |bulbs)
Ch.2 |Outline |what |is |needed |to |kill |annual, |biennial, |and |perennial |weeds |and |when |it |is |easiest |to
|do |so |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Annuals: |kill |the |whole |shoot |by |tillage |or |with |herbicides |during |
seeding |stage.
--> |Summer |Annuals: |kill |with |tillage |or |herbicides |during |seeding |stage.
--> |Winter |Annuals: |kill |with |tillage |or |herbicides |during |seeding |stage.
-Biennials: |best |controlled |with |herbicides |during |rosette |stage.
Perennials: |controlled |by |repeatedly |tilling |or |with |herbicides |that |translocates |to |all |plant |parts.
Ch.2 |Distinguish |the |difference |between |preplant, |preemergence, |and |postemergence |herbicide |
applications |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Preplant: |done |before |planting.
-Preemergence: |usually |(not |always) |done |after |planting |but |before |plants/weeds |emerge.
-Postemergence: |done |selectively |after |plants/weeds |emerge; |timing |is |important; |if |the |desirable |
plant |is |smaller |or |larger |than |the |growth |stage |listed |on |the |label, |it |may |be |damaged |by |the |
herbicide.
Ch.2 |Explain |the |effects |of |soil |texture, |organic |matter, |and |pH |and |herbicide |persistence |on |
herbicide |activity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Fine |textured |soils |or |soils |with |high |organic |matter |
often |require |higher |herbicide |rates |than |soils |with |coarser |texture |or |low |organic |matter.
-Some |herbicides |prohibit |product |use |on |certain |soils |with |a |light |texture, |low |organic |matter, |or |
high |pH |to |guard |against |excessive |plant |damage |or |herbicide |persistence.
-Excessive |leaching |on |sandy |soils |with |shallow |water |tables |may |result |in |groundwater |
contamination.
Ch.2 |Describe |how |and |when |to |make |a |basal-bark |treatment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Apply |
spray |to |lower |18 |inches |of |stems
-Thoroughly |wet |stem, |crown, |and |exposed |roots
-Can |make |treatments |throughout |the |year |as |long |as |the |bark |is |not |wet |or |when |snow |or |water |
prevent |spraying |to |the |ground
, Ch.2 |Describe |how |and |when |to |make |an |effective |cut-stump |treatment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--
Recommended |for |plants |with |thick |bark |or |trunk |is |greater |than |5 |inches |in |diameter.
-Thoroughly |wet |plant |so |runoff |covers |barks, |crown |buds, |exposed |roots, |root |collar, |outer |
portion |of |cut |surface.
-Should |be |applied |to |cut |surface |before |exposed |plant |tissue |dries, |within |2-3 |hours.
Ch.2 |List |steps |to |take |when |applying |herbicides |to |minimize |adverse |effects |in |urban |areas |- |
VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Prevent |spray |drift, |drift |of |volatile |products, |runoff.
-Spray |when |weeds |are |most |susceptible |so |the |minimum |amount |of |herbicide |results |in |
maximum |weed |control.
-Use |less |volatile |formations
-Apply |on |days |when |temps |are |less |than |80 |degrees |F
-Avoid |spraying |during |midsummer; |garden |plants |and |vegetables |are |more |susceptible.
-Avoid |applying |herbicides |on |dry, |compacted |soils
-Keep |pesticides |off |impermeable |surfaces
Chapter |2 |Know |the |Law |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-State |and |local |laws |require |landowners |to |
control |certain |weeds |to |prevent |their |spread |and |distribution
Ch.3 |Define |plant |disease |and |what |causes |it |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Any |harmful |change |in |the |
physiology |and/or |structure |of |a |plant |caused |by |some |outside |agent.
Ch.3 |List |examples |of |the |major |groups |of |plant |pathogens |(7) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Fungi |
(blights)
-Oomycetes |(downy |mildews) |-Nematodes |(root |rot)
-Bacteria |(fire |blight
-Phytoplasmas |(corn |stunts)
-Viruses |(soybean |mosaic)-Viroids |(potato |spindle |tuber)
Ch.3 |Describe |how |the |major |groups |of |plant |pathogens |are |spread |from |plant |to |plant |- |VERIFIED
|ANSWER✔✔--Fungi: |wind, |rain |splash, |insect |vectors
-Oomycetes: |wind, |rain |splash, |transfer |of |infested |soil
-Nematodes: |transfer |of |infested |soil, |infested |planting |stock
-Bacteria: |rain |splash, |insect |vectors, |tools
-Phytoplasmas: |only |by |insect |vectors
-Viruses: |insect |vectors, |mechanical |transmission, |rubbing |of |infected |leaf |to |another, |seed |borne, |
vegetative |propagation
-Viroids: |mechanical |transmission, |vegetative |propagation
Ch.3 |List |the |four |prerequisites |for |plant |disease |to |occur |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |A |pathogen |
population |capable |of |causing |disease
2. |A |host |that |is |susceptible |to |infection |by |that |pathogen |population
3. |Environmental |conditions |that |favor |disease |development
4. |Sufficient |time |for |disease |to |actually |develop
Ch.3 |Describe |clues |that |help |you |distinguish |plant |diseases |from |plant |injury |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Disease: |starts |small, |gradually |increases |in |size |and |severity |over |several |days.
-Injury: |appears |suddenly |in |a |uniform |pattern
Ch.3 |List |factors |that |call |for |using |pesticides |to |control |plant |diseases |(4) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
1. |Other |control |practices |are |unavailable |or |inadequate
2. |The |plant |has |high |aesthetic |value |or |its |use |allows |little |tolerance |for |disease
3. |Quality |is |reduced |by |even |a |low |level |of |disease
4. |A |sudden |and |unexpected |disease |outbreak |occurs
Review -Turf & Landscape questions with
correct answers
Ch.1 |List |the |general |kinds |of |damage |insect |pests |can |cause |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Chew |on |
seeds, |roots, |leaves, |stems, |& |fruits
-Tunnel |in |roots, |stems, |& |leaves |
-Suck |plant |juices
-Promote |gall |formation |and |other |malformations |
-Inject |toxins |into |plants |-Transmit |diseases |to |plants
-Create |a |nuisance |for |people
Ch.1 |Describe |the |structural |features |of |insects |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Insects |have: |body |form |
has |3 |regions: |head, |thorax, |abdomen; |3 |pairs |of |legs |attached |to |thorax; |0, |1, |or |2 |pairs |of |wings |
attached |to |thorax; |1 |pair |of |antennae
Ch.1 |Explain |how |to |distinguish |insects |from |other |arthropods |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Arthropods |
have: |exoskeleton; |body |form |has |2 |regions: |head |& |abdomen; |usually |4 |pairs |of |legs |attached |to |
head; |no |wings; |no |antennae
Ch.1 |Contrast |the |difference |between |simple |and |complete |metamorphosis |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Simple: |"Incomplete |Metamorphosis"; |3 |stages: |egg, |nymph, |& |adult
-Complete: |4 |distinct |stages: |egg, |larva, |pupa, |& |adult
Ch.1 |Explain |how |temperature |and |humidity |affect |insect |development |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
*Temperature |& |humidity |preferences |vary |for |each |insect.
*Combined |effect |of |both |on |reproduction |& |development |is |more |dramatically |different |than |the |
effect |of |either |alone.
-Temperature: |development |is |faster |with |heat |& |slower |with |cold |temps; |insects |die |at |the |high |
levels |of |developmental |threshold |temps |and |become |inactive |at |low |levels
-Humidity: |effects |insect |diseases; |effects |moisture |levels |required |for |survival
Ch.1 |List |the |advantages |and |disadvantages |of |using |insecticides |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Advantages: |
-Effective |against |economically |damaging |pests
-Can |combine |1 |or |2 |insecticides |to |combat |several |pests
-They |act |quickly |to |control |pests |before |reaching |damaging |levels
-For |new |pests, |there |are |many |compounds |that |have |been |proven |effective |
-Effective |insecticides, |suitable |formulations, |& |application |equipment |are |normally |available
Disadvantages: |
-Often |eliminate |beneficial |insects, |allowing |target |organisms |to |rebound |quickly |
-Repeated |exposure |can |lead |to |resistance |in |a |pest |population
-Yearly |dependence |on |applications |is |an |added |cost
-Always |a |potential |for |drift, |residues, |and |damage
Ch.2 |Explain |what |determines |whether |a |given |plant |is |a |weed |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Weeds |are
|unwanted |plants
Ch.2 |List |the |two |main |goals |of |weed |management |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Minimize |weed |
competition
2. |Limit |the |weed's |reproduction |so |that |you |can |still |manage |the |weed |population |in |future |years
Ch.2 |Describe |ways |that |weeds |can |pose |problems |in |turf |and |landscapes |(7) |- |VERIFIED |
,ANSWER✔✔--Interfere |with |management |practices
-Produce |chemical |inhibitors |that |directly |retard |the |growth |of |desirable |plants |(allelopathy)
-Create |a |poor |impression |on |customers
-Interferes |with |pesticide |applications
-Support |insect |pests |and |plant |diseases |or |provide |cover |for |rodents
-Are |poisonous, |allergenic, |or |irritating |to |people |or |pets
-Dry |out |or |die |and |become |fire |hazards
Ch.2 |Distinguish |grasses |from |broadleaf |plants |and |woody |from |herbaceous |plants |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Grasses |(Monocots): |most |common |weeds; |have |a |single |seed |leaf |(cotyledon) |when
|they |germinate; |narrow |leaves |with |parallel |viens
-Broadleaves |(Dicots): |have |2 |seed |leaves |when |they |germinate; |veins |form |a |net-like |or |branching
|pattern; |can |be |broken |down |into |Woody |and |Herbaceous |plants
--> |Woody: |have |thickened |outer |layer |on |stems |(bark)
--> |Herbaceous: |lacks |bark
Ch. |2 |Describe |the |life |cycles |and |propagation |of |annual, |biennial, |and |perennial |plants |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Annuals: |live |less |than |12 |months; |most |seeds |germinate |the |following |year, |some |
are |dormant |taking |several |years; |prolific |seed |producers.
--> |Summer |Annuals: |germinate |from |seed |in |spring, |flower/produce |seeds |in |summer, |die |in |late |
summer/early |fall.
--> |Winter |Annuals: |germinate |from |seed |in |fall, |overwinter |as |low-growing |plants, |flower/produce
|seeds |in |spring, |then |die.
-Biennials: |live |for |2 |growing |seasons; |germinate |from |seeds |in |spring |or |summer |and |produce |a |
rosette |of |leaves, |overwinter |in |rosette |stage, |flower |the |following |year, |produce |seed, |and |die.
-Perennials: |live |for |at |least |2 |years, |sometimes |longer; |may |reproduce |by |seed |or |spread |
vegetatively |(stolons, |rhizomes, |spreading |roots, |tubers, |bulbs)
Ch.2 |Outline |what |is |needed |to |kill |annual, |biennial, |and |perennial |weeds |and |when |it |is |easiest |to
|do |so |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Annuals: |kill |the |whole |shoot |by |tillage |or |with |herbicides |during |
seeding |stage.
--> |Summer |Annuals: |kill |with |tillage |or |herbicides |during |seeding |stage.
--> |Winter |Annuals: |kill |with |tillage |or |herbicides |during |seeding |stage.
-Biennials: |best |controlled |with |herbicides |during |rosette |stage.
Perennials: |controlled |by |repeatedly |tilling |or |with |herbicides |that |translocates |to |all |plant |parts.
Ch.2 |Distinguish |the |difference |between |preplant, |preemergence, |and |postemergence |herbicide |
applications |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Preplant: |done |before |planting.
-Preemergence: |usually |(not |always) |done |after |planting |but |before |plants/weeds |emerge.
-Postemergence: |done |selectively |after |plants/weeds |emerge; |timing |is |important; |if |the |desirable |
plant |is |smaller |or |larger |than |the |growth |stage |listed |on |the |label, |it |may |be |damaged |by |the |
herbicide.
Ch.2 |Explain |the |effects |of |soil |texture, |organic |matter, |and |pH |and |herbicide |persistence |on |
herbicide |activity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Fine |textured |soils |or |soils |with |high |organic |matter |
often |require |higher |herbicide |rates |than |soils |with |coarser |texture |or |low |organic |matter.
-Some |herbicides |prohibit |product |use |on |certain |soils |with |a |light |texture, |low |organic |matter, |or |
high |pH |to |guard |against |excessive |plant |damage |or |herbicide |persistence.
-Excessive |leaching |on |sandy |soils |with |shallow |water |tables |may |result |in |groundwater |
contamination.
Ch.2 |Describe |how |and |when |to |make |a |basal-bark |treatment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Apply |
spray |to |lower |18 |inches |of |stems
-Thoroughly |wet |stem, |crown, |and |exposed |roots
-Can |make |treatments |throughout |the |year |as |long |as |the |bark |is |not |wet |or |when |snow |or |water |
prevent |spraying |to |the |ground
, Ch.2 |Describe |how |and |when |to |make |an |effective |cut-stump |treatment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--
Recommended |for |plants |with |thick |bark |or |trunk |is |greater |than |5 |inches |in |diameter.
-Thoroughly |wet |plant |so |runoff |covers |barks, |crown |buds, |exposed |roots, |root |collar, |outer |
portion |of |cut |surface.
-Should |be |applied |to |cut |surface |before |exposed |plant |tissue |dries, |within |2-3 |hours.
Ch.2 |List |steps |to |take |when |applying |herbicides |to |minimize |adverse |effects |in |urban |areas |- |
VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Prevent |spray |drift, |drift |of |volatile |products, |runoff.
-Spray |when |weeds |are |most |susceptible |so |the |minimum |amount |of |herbicide |results |in |
maximum |weed |control.
-Use |less |volatile |formations
-Apply |on |days |when |temps |are |less |than |80 |degrees |F
-Avoid |spraying |during |midsummer; |garden |plants |and |vegetables |are |more |susceptible.
-Avoid |applying |herbicides |on |dry, |compacted |soils
-Keep |pesticides |off |impermeable |surfaces
Chapter |2 |Know |the |Law |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-State |and |local |laws |require |landowners |to |
control |certain |weeds |to |prevent |their |spread |and |distribution
Ch.3 |Define |plant |disease |and |what |causes |it |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Any |harmful |change |in |the |
physiology |and/or |structure |of |a |plant |caused |by |some |outside |agent.
Ch.3 |List |examples |of |the |major |groups |of |plant |pathogens |(7) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--Fungi |
(blights)
-Oomycetes |(downy |mildews) |-Nematodes |(root |rot)
-Bacteria |(fire |blight
-Phytoplasmas |(corn |stunts)
-Viruses |(soybean |mosaic)-Viroids |(potato |spindle |tuber)
Ch.3 |Describe |how |the |major |groups |of |plant |pathogens |are |spread |from |plant |to |plant |- |VERIFIED
|ANSWER✔✔--Fungi: |wind, |rain |splash, |insect |vectors
-Oomycetes: |wind, |rain |splash, |transfer |of |infested |soil
-Nematodes: |transfer |of |infested |soil, |infested |planting |stock
-Bacteria: |rain |splash, |insect |vectors, |tools
-Phytoplasmas: |only |by |insect |vectors
-Viruses: |insect |vectors, |mechanical |transmission, |rubbing |of |infected |leaf |to |another, |seed |borne, |
vegetative |propagation
-Viroids: |mechanical |transmission, |vegetative |propagation
Ch.3 |List |the |four |prerequisites |for |plant |disease |to |occur |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |A |pathogen |
population |capable |of |causing |disease
2. |A |host |that |is |susceptible |to |infection |by |that |pathogen |population
3. |Environmental |conditions |that |favor |disease |development
4. |Sufficient |time |for |disease |to |actually |develop
Ch.3 |Describe |clues |that |help |you |distinguish |plant |diseases |from |plant |injury |- |VERIFIED |
ANSWER✔✔--Disease: |starts |small, |gradually |increases |in |size |and |severity |over |several |days.
-Injury: |appears |suddenly |in |a |uniform |pattern
Ch.3 |List |factors |that |call |for |using |pesticides |to |control |plant |diseases |(4) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
1. |Other |control |practices |are |unavailable |or |inadequate
2. |The |plant |has |high |aesthetic |value |or |its |use |allows |little |tolerance |for |disease
3. |Quality |is |reduced |by |even |a |low |level |of |disease
4. |A |sudden |and |unexpected |disease |outbreak |occurs
