UKY BIO 152 Exam 2 Questions and
Answers
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscles. - Correct
Answers -Secondary messages travel from the extra-cellular space to the intra-cellular
space
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscles. - Correct
Answers -(cannot contract without Calcium) Excitation: involuntary; some groups
respond to neurotransmitters.. Contraction: Calcium is released by SR and enters from
the extracellular space.. then binds to calmodulin inside the cell, which can then lead to
actin and myosin contractions.
Describe how a signal transfers a message to its receptor. - Correct Answers -Signal
transduction via secondary messages.. Cell responds by opening ion channels and
enzymes are activated
Actin: - Correct Answers -a protein subunit that makes up microfilaments; used by both
striated and smooth muscles to contract and generate force.
Myosin: - Correct Answers -a motor protein used in both striated and smooth muscles to
contract and generate force.
Filament: - Correct Answers -in animals, a thin thread of proteins that interacts with
other filaments to cause muscles to shorten.
Striated muscle: - Correct Answers -skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, which appear
striped under a microscope.
Skeletal muscle: - Correct Answers -muscle that connects to the body skeleton to move
an animal's limbs and torso.
Cardiac muscle: - Correct Answers -muscle cells that make up the walls of the atria and
ventricles and contract to pump blood through the heart.
Explain why hydrophobic signal receptors are in different locations of a target cell than
hydrophilic signal receptors.. - Correct Answers -Hydrophilic receptors are in the
outside(extra) while hydrophobic receptors are in the plasma membrane (intra).
, 2 major classes of cell surface receptors - Correct Answers -1) G-protein coupled
receptors
2) Receptor Kinase
Describe G protein coupled receptors - Correct Answers -Most amplify signals as they
transfer it to the interior of the cell.. fast but short lived.
Describe Receptor Kinase - Correct Answers -Kinases are ezymes that transfer
phosphate groups, slow but longer lasting response
Unicellular - Correct Answers -having or consisting of a single cell
simple multicellular organism - Correct Answers -an organism composed of one or more
cells that show little differentiation and remain in close contact with the external
environment.
Complex multicellular organism - Correct Answers -an organisms composed of one or
more cells that have cellular adhesion, cellular communication, and cellular
differentiation.
Cellular adhesion molecules: - Correct Answers -proteins located on the cell surface
involved in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix in the cellular
adhesion process.
Cadherin: - Correct Answers -any of a class of cell-surface proteins involved in selective
cell-cell adhesion.
Integrin: - Correct Answers -any of a class of cell-surface proteins that bind to laminins
and other proteins in the extracellular matrix, thus holding cells in place.
Gap junction - Correct Answers -a type of cell-cell attachment structure that directly
connects the cytosolic components of adjacent animal cells, allowing the pages of
water, ions, and small molecules between the cells.
Plasmodesmata - Correct Answers -physical connections between two plant cells,
consisting of membrane-lined gaps in the cell walls through which the two cells' plasma
membranes, cytoplasm, and smooth ER can connect directly.
Differentiation - Correct Answers -the process by which any unspecialized cell becomes
a distinct cell type, usually by changes in gene expression.
Gene expression - Correct Answers -the set of processes, including transcription and
translation, that convert information in DNA into a product of a gene, most commonly a
protein.
Answers
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscles. - Correct
Answers -Secondary messages travel from the extra-cellular space to the intra-cellular
space
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscles. - Correct
Answers -(cannot contract without Calcium) Excitation: involuntary; some groups
respond to neurotransmitters.. Contraction: Calcium is released by SR and enters from
the extracellular space.. then binds to calmodulin inside the cell, which can then lead to
actin and myosin contractions.
Describe how a signal transfers a message to its receptor. - Correct Answers -Signal
transduction via secondary messages.. Cell responds by opening ion channels and
enzymes are activated
Actin: - Correct Answers -a protein subunit that makes up microfilaments; used by both
striated and smooth muscles to contract and generate force.
Myosin: - Correct Answers -a motor protein used in both striated and smooth muscles to
contract and generate force.
Filament: - Correct Answers -in animals, a thin thread of proteins that interacts with
other filaments to cause muscles to shorten.
Striated muscle: - Correct Answers -skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, which appear
striped under a microscope.
Skeletal muscle: - Correct Answers -muscle that connects to the body skeleton to move
an animal's limbs and torso.
Cardiac muscle: - Correct Answers -muscle cells that make up the walls of the atria and
ventricles and contract to pump blood through the heart.
Explain why hydrophobic signal receptors are in different locations of a target cell than
hydrophilic signal receptors.. - Correct Answers -Hydrophilic receptors are in the
outside(extra) while hydrophobic receptors are in the plasma membrane (intra).
, 2 major classes of cell surface receptors - Correct Answers -1) G-protein coupled
receptors
2) Receptor Kinase
Describe G protein coupled receptors - Correct Answers -Most amplify signals as they
transfer it to the interior of the cell.. fast but short lived.
Describe Receptor Kinase - Correct Answers -Kinases are ezymes that transfer
phosphate groups, slow but longer lasting response
Unicellular - Correct Answers -having or consisting of a single cell
simple multicellular organism - Correct Answers -an organism composed of one or more
cells that show little differentiation and remain in close contact with the external
environment.
Complex multicellular organism - Correct Answers -an organisms composed of one or
more cells that have cellular adhesion, cellular communication, and cellular
differentiation.
Cellular adhesion molecules: - Correct Answers -proteins located on the cell surface
involved in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix in the cellular
adhesion process.
Cadherin: - Correct Answers -any of a class of cell-surface proteins involved in selective
cell-cell adhesion.
Integrin: - Correct Answers -any of a class of cell-surface proteins that bind to laminins
and other proteins in the extracellular matrix, thus holding cells in place.
Gap junction - Correct Answers -a type of cell-cell attachment structure that directly
connects the cytosolic components of adjacent animal cells, allowing the pages of
water, ions, and small molecules between the cells.
Plasmodesmata - Correct Answers -physical connections between two plant cells,
consisting of membrane-lined gaps in the cell walls through which the two cells' plasma
membranes, cytoplasm, and smooth ER can connect directly.
Differentiation - Correct Answers -the process by which any unspecialized cell becomes
a distinct cell type, usually by changes in gene expression.
Gene expression - Correct Answers -the set of processes, including transcription and
translation, that convert information in DNA into a product of a gene, most commonly a
protein.
