NR 507 Endocrine System questions with verified
answers
Adrenal cortex effects Ans✓✓✓ Maintenance of gland size
Depletion of ascorbic acid
Activation of adenylyl cyclase
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
Maintenance of enzymes active in converting pregnenolone to other steroids
Accumulation of cholesterol for steroid hormone synthesis
Secretion of cortisol and adrenal androgens
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the
kidneys. Ans✓✓✓ This statement is true.
alpha cells Ans✓✓✓ responsible for secreting glucagon
An individual who presents with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) will have a blood
glucose level of >250 mg/dL. Ans✓✓✓ This statement is true.
beta cells Ans✓✓✓ responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) Ans✓✓✓ 1. FPG 100 to
125 mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
3. HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%
,Chromaffin cells are the site of production for epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Ans✓✓✓ This statement is true.
Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping the cheek that will result in twitching of the
upper lip Ans✓✓✓ True. associated with hypocalcemia
Clinical manifestations of DKA Ans✓✓✓ Kussmaul respirations: the individual
hyperventilates to compensate for the metabolic acidosis
Postural dizziness
Central nervous system depression
Ketonuria
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Abdominal pain
Acetone breath
Dehydration
Thirst
Polyuria
Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis that leads to polyuria along with
dehydration. Large amounts of glucose are lost in the urine because the blood
glucose is higher than the renal threshold.
Electrolyte abnormalities also occur:
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia
, The most significant electrolyte disturbance is hypokalemia. The potassium drops
because of a shift out of the cell and into the blood caused by the metabolic
acidosis. The blood potassium level, though may appear normal
Clinical manifestations of HHNKS Ans✓✓✓ Patients with HHNKS will have an
extremely high glucose level. As a result, there will be glycosuria and polyuria.
Because of the amount of glycosuria, the patient is at risk for developing severe
volume depletion, increased serum osmolarity, intracellular dehydration and loss
of potassium and other electrolytes. Neurological symptoms (stupor and coma)
may appear as well and worsen with the degree of hyperosmolarity.
Co-morbidities of Cushing's syndrome Ans✓✓✓ include diabetes, osteoporosis,
psychiatric disorders, muscle weakness, hypokalemia, infections.
Cortisol secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
Ans✓✓✓ true
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 Ans✓✓✓ FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0
mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as
described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g
anhydrous glucose dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a
method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a
random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
answers
Adrenal cortex effects Ans✓✓✓ Maintenance of gland size
Depletion of ascorbic acid
Activation of adenylyl cyclase
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
Maintenance of enzymes active in converting pregnenolone to other steroids
Accumulation of cholesterol for steroid hormone synthesis
Secretion of cortisol and adrenal androgens
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the
kidneys. Ans✓✓✓ This statement is true.
alpha cells Ans✓✓✓ responsible for secreting glucagon
An individual who presents with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) will have a blood
glucose level of >250 mg/dL. Ans✓✓✓ This statement is true.
beta cells Ans✓✓✓ responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) Ans✓✓✓ 1. FPG 100 to
125 mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
3. HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%
,Chromaffin cells are the site of production for epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Ans✓✓✓ This statement is true.
Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping the cheek that will result in twitching of the
upper lip Ans✓✓✓ True. associated with hypocalcemia
Clinical manifestations of DKA Ans✓✓✓ Kussmaul respirations: the individual
hyperventilates to compensate for the metabolic acidosis
Postural dizziness
Central nervous system depression
Ketonuria
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Abdominal pain
Acetone breath
Dehydration
Thirst
Polyuria
Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis that leads to polyuria along with
dehydration. Large amounts of glucose are lost in the urine because the blood
glucose is higher than the renal threshold.
Electrolyte abnormalities also occur:
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia
, The most significant electrolyte disturbance is hypokalemia. The potassium drops
because of a shift out of the cell and into the blood caused by the metabolic
acidosis. The blood potassium level, though may appear normal
Clinical manifestations of HHNKS Ans✓✓✓ Patients with HHNKS will have an
extremely high glucose level. As a result, there will be glycosuria and polyuria.
Because of the amount of glycosuria, the patient is at risk for developing severe
volume depletion, increased serum osmolarity, intracellular dehydration and loss
of potassium and other electrolytes. Neurological symptoms (stupor and coma)
may appear as well and worsen with the degree of hyperosmolarity.
Co-morbidities of Cushing's syndrome Ans✓✓✓ include diabetes, osteoporosis,
psychiatric disorders, muscle weakness, hypokalemia, infections.
Cortisol secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
Ans✓✓✓ true
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 Ans✓✓✓ FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0
mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as
described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g
anhydrous glucose dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a
method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a
random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
