PSYC 375 Final Exam Questions WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 100% PASS
What were the 4 stages of early American psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Stage
1: Moral and Mental Philosophy (1640-1776)
Stage 2: intellectual philosophy (1776-1886)
Stage 3: The US Renaissance (1886-1896)
Stage 4: US Functionalism (1896 & beyond)
What were the beliefs during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-"Psychology existed for the sake of logic, and logic for the
sake of God"
What event caused the beginning of enlightenment during the first stage of early
American psychology (1640-1776)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-It began in 1714 when
John Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690) reached the US
colonies and had a widespread influence
What were the beliefs during the second stage of early American psychology (1776-
1886)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Psychology became a separate discipline largely
under the influence of Scottish commonsense philosophy and believed in naive realism
when it came to God
What were 4 events that brought on the third stage of early American psychology (1886-
1896)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology (1880)
(2) John Dewey's Psychology (1886)
(3) American Journal of Psychology (1887)
(4) William James's The Principles of Psychology (1890)
What were the beliefs during the third stage of early American psychology (1886-1896)?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-Titchener's structuralism competed with functionalism. It was
also a fertile ground for the development of practices to help individuals live more
effective lives like physiognomy, phrenology, mesmerism, and spiritualism
What were the beliefs during the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 &
beyond)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Science, a concern for practicality, an emphasis on
the individual, and evolutionary theory combined into the school of functionalism
,What event marked the beginning of the fourth stage of early American psychology
(1896 & beyond)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-John Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in
Psychology." in 1896 marked the beginning of functionalism
What are the 8 characteristics of functionalists psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1)
opposed the sterile search for the elements of consciousness in like the structuralists
(2) wanted to understand the function of the mind rather than provide a static
description of its contents.
(3) wanted psychology to be a practical science, not a pure science, and they sought to
apply their findings to the improvement of humanity
(4) urged the broadening of psychology to include research on animals, children, and
abnormal humans. They also accepted an eclectic methodology; from mazes to mental
tests.
(5) Because an organism will act differently in the same environment as its needs
change, these needs must be understood before the organism's behavior can be
understood.
(6) accepted both mental processes and behavior as legitimate subject matter for
psychology, and viewed introspection as a valid research tool
(7) tended to be more ideographic than nomothetic, that is, they were more interested in
what made organisms different from one another than what made them similar.
(8) all were directly or indirectly influenced by William James.
What caused William James's (1842-1910) crisis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-He became
depressed because he believed that if materialism was correct, than anything that
happened was beyond his control but he had a turning point when he read an essay on
free will bye Renouvier and became a pragmatist and proposed radical empiricism
What was the goal of William James's (1842-1910) book, The Principles of Psychology?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-James tries to offer a fair consideration between the empirical
and the rational, between the experimental and the phenomenological with the booked
permeated with his themes of pragmatism and individuality
How did William James's (1842-1910) define the stream of consciousness? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-Term for the way James thought the mind worked. James
described the mind as consisting of an ever-changing stream of interrelated, purposive
thoughts rather than static elements that could be isolated from one another, as the
structuralists had suggested.
What did William James (1842-1910) say were the 5 characteristics of consciousness? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) consciousness is personal; it reflects the experiences of an
individual, and therefore, it is foolhardy to search for elements common to all minds.
(2) consciousness is continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis
(3) consciousness is constantly changing
(4) consciousness is selective; some vents permeate while others are inhibited
,(5) conciseness is functional; its purpose is to aid the individual in adapting to the
environment
How did William James (1842-1910) define habits and instincts? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-He believed that instinctual behaviour is modifiable by experience and,
therefore, new instinct-like patterns of behaviour (called habits) develop throughout their
lifetime. The habits are vital for the functioning of society, learning from experience to
develop new neural pathways
How did William James (1842-1910) define the empirical self and the 3 different types of
self? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the self that consists of everything a person can call his
or her own. The empirical self consists of the material self (all of one's material
possessions), the social self (one's self as known by others), and the spiritual self (all of
which a person is conscious).
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about self-esteem? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-How a person feels about himself or herself based on the ratio of successes
to attempts. One can increase self-esteem either by accomplishing more or attempting
less.
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about emotions? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Perception, according to James, causes bodily reactions that are then
experienced as emotions, reversing the traditional belief that emotion results from the
perception of an event
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about idea-motor theory of behaviour? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-Ideas cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by
controlling our ideas; ideas of actions flow immediately and automatically (habitually or
reflexively) into behavior. What we think (concept that holds our attention) determines
what we do, and what we do determines how we feel.
What are the 2 types of personality of which pragmatism is a compromise between? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) Tender-minded people are rationalistic (principle-oriented),
intellectual, idealistic, optimistic, religious, and dogmatic, and they believe in free will
(2) tough-minded people are empiricistic (fact-oriented), sensationalistic, materialistic,
pessimistic, irreligious, skeptical, and fatalistic.
What did William James (1842-1910) contribute to psychology? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-He helped incorporate evolutionary theory into psychology and expanded
research techniques in psychology by not only accepting introspection but also
encouraging any technique that promised to yield useful information about people.
James's ideas are not only considered foundational for functional psychology and
pragmatic philosophy but can be seen in behaviorism, cognitive science, and
existential-phenomenological psychology, as well as clinical psychology and education
, What was Hugo Munsterberg's (1863-1916) approach to clinical psychology? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-reciprocal antagonism; a method of treating mentally disturbed
individuals, whereby he would strengthen thoughts antagonistic to those causing a
problem.
Who was the first forensic psychologist? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hugo Munsterberg
(1863-1916)
What did Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) accomplish in founding forensic psychology? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-He pointed out that eyewitness testimony could be unreliable
because sensory impressions could be illusory, suggestion and stress could affect
perception, and memory is not always accurate. He also urged that psychological
methods replace the brutal interrogation of criminals because interrogation can lead to
false confessions. He published a book, On The Witness Stand (1908).
Who is considered to be the founder of industrial psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916)
Who invented the paired-association technique and how did it work? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-The still widely used method of investigating verbal learning invented by
Mary Calkins. Pairs of stimulus material are first presented to subjects and then, after
several exposures, only one member of the pair is presented and the subject is asked to
recall the second.
Briefly describe the life of Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Although satisfying all the requirements for a PhD at Harvard, she was denied the
degree because she was a woman. In spite of such restrictions, Calkins made
significant contributions to the study of verbal learning and memory and to self-
psychology. Her many honors included being elected the first female president of the
American Psychological Association in 1905.
Briefly describe the life and work of Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Stressed the application of psychological principles in such areas as
clinical, forensic, and industrial psychology. In so doing, Münsterberg created applied
psychology.
Briefly describe the life and work of William James (1842-1910)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Was instrumental in the founding of functionalistic psychology. James
emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior. For him the only valid
criterion for evaluating a theory, thought, or act is whether it works. In keeping with his
pragmatism, he claimed that psychology needs to employ both scientific and
nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on the individual level, sometimes one must believe
in free will and at other times in determinism.
Briefly describe the life and work of Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Created the first U.S. experimental psychology laboratory, founded and
CORRECT ANSWERS 100% PASS
What were the 4 stages of early American psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Stage
1: Moral and Mental Philosophy (1640-1776)
Stage 2: intellectual philosophy (1776-1886)
Stage 3: The US Renaissance (1886-1896)
Stage 4: US Functionalism (1896 & beyond)
What were the beliefs during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-"Psychology existed for the sake of logic, and logic for the
sake of God"
What event caused the beginning of enlightenment during the first stage of early
American psychology (1640-1776)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-It began in 1714 when
John Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690) reached the US
colonies and had a widespread influence
What were the beliefs during the second stage of early American psychology (1776-
1886)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Psychology became a separate discipline largely
under the influence of Scottish commonsense philosophy and believed in naive realism
when it came to God
What were 4 events that brought on the third stage of early American psychology (1886-
1896)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology (1880)
(2) John Dewey's Psychology (1886)
(3) American Journal of Psychology (1887)
(4) William James's The Principles of Psychology (1890)
What were the beliefs during the third stage of early American psychology (1886-1896)?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-Titchener's structuralism competed with functionalism. It was
also a fertile ground for the development of practices to help individuals live more
effective lives like physiognomy, phrenology, mesmerism, and spiritualism
What were the beliefs during the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 &
beyond)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Science, a concern for practicality, an emphasis on
the individual, and evolutionary theory combined into the school of functionalism
,What event marked the beginning of the fourth stage of early American psychology
(1896 & beyond)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-John Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in
Psychology." in 1896 marked the beginning of functionalism
What are the 8 characteristics of functionalists psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1)
opposed the sterile search for the elements of consciousness in like the structuralists
(2) wanted to understand the function of the mind rather than provide a static
description of its contents.
(3) wanted psychology to be a practical science, not a pure science, and they sought to
apply their findings to the improvement of humanity
(4) urged the broadening of psychology to include research on animals, children, and
abnormal humans. They also accepted an eclectic methodology; from mazes to mental
tests.
(5) Because an organism will act differently in the same environment as its needs
change, these needs must be understood before the organism's behavior can be
understood.
(6) accepted both mental processes and behavior as legitimate subject matter for
psychology, and viewed introspection as a valid research tool
(7) tended to be more ideographic than nomothetic, that is, they were more interested in
what made organisms different from one another than what made them similar.
(8) all were directly or indirectly influenced by William James.
What caused William James's (1842-1910) crisis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-He became
depressed because he believed that if materialism was correct, than anything that
happened was beyond his control but he had a turning point when he read an essay on
free will bye Renouvier and became a pragmatist and proposed radical empiricism
What was the goal of William James's (1842-1910) book, The Principles of Psychology?
- CORRECT ANSWERS-James tries to offer a fair consideration between the empirical
and the rational, between the experimental and the phenomenological with the booked
permeated with his themes of pragmatism and individuality
How did William James's (1842-1910) define the stream of consciousness? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-Term for the way James thought the mind worked. James
described the mind as consisting of an ever-changing stream of interrelated, purposive
thoughts rather than static elements that could be isolated from one another, as the
structuralists had suggested.
What did William James (1842-1910) say were the 5 characteristics of consciousness? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) consciousness is personal; it reflects the experiences of an
individual, and therefore, it is foolhardy to search for elements common to all minds.
(2) consciousness is continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis
(3) consciousness is constantly changing
(4) consciousness is selective; some vents permeate while others are inhibited
,(5) conciseness is functional; its purpose is to aid the individual in adapting to the
environment
How did William James (1842-1910) define habits and instincts? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-He believed that instinctual behaviour is modifiable by experience and,
therefore, new instinct-like patterns of behaviour (called habits) develop throughout their
lifetime. The habits are vital for the functioning of society, learning from experience to
develop new neural pathways
How did William James (1842-1910) define the empirical self and the 3 different types of
self? - CORRECT ANSWERS-the self that consists of everything a person can call his
or her own. The empirical self consists of the material self (all of one's material
possessions), the social self (one's self as known by others), and the spiritual self (all of
which a person is conscious).
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about self-esteem? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-How a person feels about himself or herself based on the ratio of successes
to attempts. One can increase self-esteem either by accomplishing more or attempting
less.
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about emotions? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Perception, according to James, causes bodily reactions that are then
experienced as emotions, reversing the traditional belief that emotion results from the
perception of an event
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about idea-motor theory of behaviour? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-Ideas cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by
controlling our ideas; ideas of actions flow immediately and automatically (habitually or
reflexively) into behavior. What we think (concept that holds our attention) determines
what we do, and what we do determines how we feel.
What are the 2 types of personality of which pragmatism is a compromise between? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) Tender-minded people are rationalistic (principle-oriented),
intellectual, idealistic, optimistic, religious, and dogmatic, and they believe in free will
(2) tough-minded people are empiricistic (fact-oriented), sensationalistic, materialistic,
pessimistic, irreligious, skeptical, and fatalistic.
What did William James (1842-1910) contribute to psychology? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-He helped incorporate evolutionary theory into psychology and expanded
research techniques in psychology by not only accepting introspection but also
encouraging any technique that promised to yield useful information about people.
James's ideas are not only considered foundational for functional psychology and
pragmatic philosophy but can be seen in behaviorism, cognitive science, and
existential-phenomenological psychology, as well as clinical psychology and education
, What was Hugo Munsterberg's (1863-1916) approach to clinical psychology? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-reciprocal antagonism; a method of treating mentally disturbed
individuals, whereby he would strengthen thoughts antagonistic to those causing a
problem.
Who was the first forensic psychologist? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hugo Munsterberg
(1863-1916)
What did Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) accomplish in founding forensic psychology? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-He pointed out that eyewitness testimony could be unreliable
because sensory impressions could be illusory, suggestion and stress could affect
perception, and memory is not always accurate. He also urged that psychological
methods replace the brutal interrogation of criminals because interrogation can lead to
false confessions. He published a book, On The Witness Stand (1908).
Who is considered to be the founder of industrial psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916)
Who invented the paired-association technique and how did it work? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-The still widely used method of investigating verbal learning invented by
Mary Calkins. Pairs of stimulus material are first presented to subjects and then, after
several exposures, only one member of the pair is presented and the subject is asked to
recall the second.
Briefly describe the life of Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Although satisfying all the requirements for a PhD at Harvard, she was denied the
degree because she was a woman. In spite of such restrictions, Calkins made
significant contributions to the study of verbal learning and memory and to self-
psychology. Her many honors included being elected the first female president of the
American Psychological Association in 1905.
Briefly describe the life and work of Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Stressed the application of psychological principles in such areas as
clinical, forensic, and industrial psychology. In so doing, Münsterberg created applied
psychology.
Briefly describe the life and work of William James (1842-1910)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Was instrumental in the founding of functionalistic psychology. James
emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior. For him the only valid
criterion for evaluating a theory, thought, or act is whether it works. In keeping with his
pragmatism, he claimed that psychology needs to employ both scientific and
nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on the individual level, sometimes one must believe
in free will and at other times in determinism.
Briefly describe the life and work of Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Created the first U.S. experimental psychology laboratory, founded and
