NMNC 3210 Exam 2 With
Complete Solution
Risk factors for constipation in: ELDERLY - ANSWER Decreased peristalsis
(atrophy of smooth muscles), decreased cognition (dementia or injury),
reduced mucous secretions.
Risk factors for constipation in: CHILDREN - ANSWER development (still
progressing), low maturation, "hold it" until impaction
Risk factors for constipation in: PREGNANCY - ANSWER Iron in diet, lack of
peristalsis
What is important in an elimination history to obtain? - ANSWER Ask about
patterns of bowel or stool elimination (frequency, appearance of stool or
urine, and associated symptoms)
Changes in diet
Changes in health status (cognition, mobility, functional ability, or medical
conditions)
Changes in medication or new medications
Voluntary or involuntary emptying of bowels or bladder
Urinary incontinence (underreported phenomenon)
Colon Cancer Screening - ANSWER Starts as polyps on inner lining of colon -
invades and penetrates the wall of the colon/rectum - gain lymph nodes and
vascular system and spread to distant sites (metastasized). (occurs slowly)
,Screening can prevent the development of cancer by removing precancerous
polyps and reduces mortality.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
Colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
Colon Cancer Risks - ANSWER Risk of colon cancer increases with age.
Related to diet, physical inactivity, and increasing rates of obesity.
Hereditary (KRAS gene = regulating cell division)
Maintain a healthy weight, physically active, limit alcohol use, no smoking,
eating diet high in fruits, vegetables, and grains).
Colon Cancer - ANSWER Third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and
third most common cancers in men and women. (more common in men than
women)
Colon Cancer Treatments - ANSWER Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted
therapy, or radiation therapy.
Colon Cancer Signs - ANSWER Early manifestation is anemia (due to bleeding
in both right and left side of colon), hematochezia develops (fresh blood in
stool), palpable abdominal mass, distention, ascites, liver metastasis, and
pallor.
Diarrhea Patho - ANSWER Passage of at least 3 loose or liquid stools per day.
(Acute or chronic).
Diarrhea Cause - ANSWER ingesting infectious organisms (viruses or
bacteria) which causes inflammation, immunocompromised, elderly, gastric
acidity, drugs, and food intolerances.
, Diarrhea Effects - ANSWER Low grade fever, N & V, increased acid in
stomach (metabolic acidosis), leukocytes parasites blood and mucus might
be present in the stool, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance (loss of
sodium, loss of potassium, loss of calcium, loss of phosphate, and loss of
magnesium)
Diarrhea Treatment - ANSWER Preventing transmission, replacing fluids and
electrolytes, protecting the skin from breakdown
glucose or electrolyte fluids replace losses
parenteral fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrition.
Antidiarrheal
Avoid foods high in fat and milk products
AV fistulas (assessment of), care and nursing interventions. - ANSWER
Arteriovenous fistula - created in the forearm or upper arm with an
anastomosis between an artery and a vein. It allows blood to flow through
the vein. The arterial blood flow is essential to provide the rapid blood flow
needed for HD. AFV should be placed 3 months before starting HD.
NEVER perform BP measurements, IV line insertions, or venipuncture in an
extremity with AV access.
Prevent infection and clotting
Place medic band on patient's arm with AFV.
Watch for central venous stenosis (CVS) or occlusions.
Assess for distal ischemia and pain due to arterial blood being shunted or
stolen from distal extremities. (numbness, tingling of fingers, poor capillary
Complete Solution
Risk factors for constipation in: ELDERLY - ANSWER Decreased peristalsis
(atrophy of smooth muscles), decreased cognition (dementia or injury),
reduced mucous secretions.
Risk factors for constipation in: CHILDREN - ANSWER development (still
progressing), low maturation, "hold it" until impaction
Risk factors for constipation in: PREGNANCY - ANSWER Iron in diet, lack of
peristalsis
What is important in an elimination history to obtain? - ANSWER Ask about
patterns of bowel or stool elimination (frequency, appearance of stool or
urine, and associated symptoms)
Changes in diet
Changes in health status (cognition, mobility, functional ability, or medical
conditions)
Changes in medication or new medications
Voluntary or involuntary emptying of bowels or bladder
Urinary incontinence (underreported phenomenon)
Colon Cancer Screening - ANSWER Starts as polyps on inner lining of colon -
invades and penetrates the wall of the colon/rectum - gain lymph nodes and
vascular system and spread to distant sites (metastasized). (occurs slowly)
,Screening can prevent the development of cancer by removing precancerous
polyps and reduces mortality.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
Colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
Colon Cancer Risks - ANSWER Risk of colon cancer increases with age.
Related to diet, physical inactivity, and increasing rates of obesity.
Hereditary (KRAS gene = regulating cell division)
Maintain a healthy weight, physically active, limit alcohol use, no smoking,
eating diet high in fruits, vegetables, and grains).
Colon Cancer - ANSWER Third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and
third most common cancers in men and women. (more common in men than
women)
Colon Cancer Treatments - ANSWER Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted
therapy, or radiation therapy.
Colon Cancer Signs - ANSWER Early manifestation is anemia (due to bleeding
in both right and left side of colon), hematochezia develops (fresh blood in
stool), palpable abdominal mass, distention, ascites, liver metastasis, and
pallor.
Diarrhea Patho - ANSWER Passage of at least 3 loose or liquid stools per day.
(Acute or chronic).
Diarrhea Cause - ANSWER ingesting infectious organisms (viruses or
bacteria) which causes inflammation, immunocompromised, elderly, gastric
acidity, drugs, and food intolerances.
, Diarrhea Effects - ANSWER Low grade fever, N & V, increased acid in
stomach (metabolic acidosis), leukocytes parasites blood and mucus might
be present in the stool, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance (loss of
sodium, loss of potassium, loss of calcium, loss of phosphate, and loss of
magnesium)
Diarrhea Treatment - ANSWER Preventing transmission, replacing fluids and
electrolytes, protecting the skin from breakdown
glucose or electrolyte fluids replace losses
parenteral fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrition.
Antidiarrheal
Avoid foods high in fat and milk products
AV fistulas (assessment of), care and nursing interventions. - ANSWER
Arteriovenous fistula - created in the forearm or upper arm with an
anastomosis between an artery and a vein. It allows blood to flow through
the vein. The arterial blood flow is essential to provide the rapid blood flow
needed for HD. AFV should be placed 3 months before starting HD.
NEVER perform BP measurements, IV line insertions, or venipuncture in an
extremity with AV access.
Prevent infection and clotting
Place medic band on patient's arm with AFV.
Watch for central venous stenosis (CVS) or occlusions.
Assess for distal ischemia and pain due to arterial blood being shunted or
stolen from distal extremities. (numbness, tingling of fingers, poor capillary
