2019-
2020
Internationaal
Publiekrecht
SAMENVATTING VAN DE NOTITIES, DIA’S EN DELEN UIT HET
BOEK
ALICE ROUCKHOUT
,Internationaal publiekrecht –
samenvatting
Samenvatting van de notities en het boek
PRAKTISCHE INFO EN EXAMEN
• Er zijn twee gastcolleges op 12/11 en 04/12
• Eén les valt weg op 13/11
• Te kennen:
o De reader wordt besproken in de les
o Cursus
o Slides en lesnota’s
• Beetje actualiteit volgen
• We werken aan de hand van illustraties + examenvragen zijn hieraan gekoppeld
• Vragen stellen kan in de les en via mail
Examen
• Je mag de reader gebruiken
• 2 a 3 casussen + open vragen
o Mix van diverse deeldomeinen in casus
o De openvragen pijlen niet naar papegaaien werk. De vragen gaat meestal in op
de voorbeelden uit de les.
1
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
PRAKTISCHE INFO EN EXAMEN ........................................................................................ 1
Examen ............................................................................................................................. 1
HOOFDSTUK I: NLEIDING ..................................................................................................11
Wat is internationaal recht?...............................................................................................11
DEFINITIE EN SCOPE..................................................................................................11
FUNCTIES EN KENMERKEN .......................................................................................12
Theorie internationaal recht ..............................................................................................17
HOOFDSTUK II: BRONNEN ................................................................................................19
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................19
INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................19
HIËRARCHIE ................................................................................................................21
Verdragen .........................................................................................................................22
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................22
BELANGRIJKE KANTTEKENINGEN ............................................................................26
ILLUSTRATIE 1: SOMALIË T. KENYA ..........................................................................27
ILLUSTRATIE 2: KLIMAATAKKOORD PARIJS.............................................................30
ILLUSTRATIE 3: IRAANS KERNAKKOORD (JCPAO) ..................................................32
Internationaal gewoonterecht ............................................................................................35
PRO MEMORIE: ...........................................................................................................35
ILLUSTRATIE - NORTH SEA CONTINENTAL SHELF..................................................36
Soft law en informal law making ........................................................................................40
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................40
ILLUSTRATIES .............................................................................................................41
ILLUSTRATIE: G7/G20 .................................................................................................43
ILLUSTRATIE: DE URGENDA ZAAK ............................................................................44
ILLUSTRATIE: MIGRATIEPACT ...................................................................................45
HOOFDSTUK III: VERDRAGSRECHT .................................................................................46
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................46
INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................46
TOTSTANDKOMING EN INWERKINGTREDING .........................................................47
TOEPASSING EN INTERPRETATIE ............................................................................49
WIJZIGING, BEËINDIGING EN NIETIGHEID ...............................................................50
ILLUSTRATIES .............................................................................................................51
ILLUSTRATIE: WAPENAKKOORDEN ..........................................................................52
2
, Case study: Westelijke Sahara .........................................................................................54
Case study: de Yukos zaak...............................................................................................58
VOORLOPIGE TOEPASSING ......................................................................................58
DE YUKOS SAGA – FEITEN ........................................................................................60
HET ENERCY CHARTER TREATY ..............................................................................61
DE YUKOS-ARBITRAGE ..............................................................................................62
NATIONALE PROCEDURES ........................................................................................62
UITSPRAAK RECHTBANK DEN HAAG ........................................................................63
EPILOOG: WAT NU? ....................................................................................................65
Case study: de Gabcikovo-Nagymaros-zaak ....................................................................66
ACHTERGROND ..........................................................................................................66
UITSPRAAK IGH...........................................................................................................67
HOOFDSTUK IV: INTERACTIE INTERNATIONAALRECHT EN NATIONAAL RECHT ........69
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................69
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................69
TWEE THEORIEËN ......................................................................................................70
ILLUSTRATIE – MONISME ...........................................................................................71
ILLUSTRATIE - DUALISME ..........................................................................................72
Case study: Avena en Medellin .........................................................................................73
ACHTERGROND ..........................................................................................................73
ONTWIKKELINGEN IN DE VS ......................................................................................74
MEDELLIN V. TEXAS (SCOTUS) .................................................................................75
VERVOLG .....................................................................................................................76
Case study: Het Italiaans Grondwettelijk Hof ....................................................................77
VOORGESCHIEDENIS .................................................................................................77
UITSPRAAK CORTE CONSTITUZIONALE – NO. 238 (2014) ......................................77
HOOFDSTUK V: JURISDICTIE ............................................................................................79
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................79
VEELZIJDIG BEGRIP ...................................................................................................79
JURISDICTIE EN SOEVEREINITEIT ............................................................................79
UITGANGSPUNT INTERNATIONAAL RECHT .............................................................79
Jurisdictie in strafzaken.....................................................................................................80
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................80
UNIVERSELE JURISDICTIE = UNIVERSALITEITSBEGINSEL ....................................81
HISSÈNE HABRÉ .........................................................................................................82
QUID ICC? ....................................................................................................................83
3
, Uitoefening van jurisdictie buiten de strafrechtelijke sfeer .................................................83
MEDEDINGINGSRECHT ..............................................................................................83
MILIEURECHT ..............................................................................................................84
ECONOMISCHE SANCTIES.........................................................................................85
FOUTAANSPRAKELIJKHEID IN BURGERLIJKE ZAKEN ............................................87
GEGEVENSBESCHERMING ........................................................................................90
Jurisdictie in internationale mensenrechtenverdragen.......................................................91
JURISDICTIE EN MENSENRECHTEN .........................................................................91
TOEPASSING EVRM IN INTERNATIONALE MILITAIRE OPERATIES ........................92
Jurisdictie in strafzaken en uitlevering ...............................................................................96
ALGEMEEN – BRONNEN .............................................................................................96
BASISREGELS .............................................................................................................96
UITLEVERINGSPROCEDURE .....................................................................................97
HOOFDSTUK VI: IMMUNITEITEN .......................................................................................99
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................99
IMMUNITEITEN – QUID? ..............................................................................................99
Staatsimmuniteit .............................................................................................................100
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................100
IMMUNITEIT VAN RECHTSMACHT ...........................................................................101
ILLUSTRATIE UITSPRAAK HVB GENT 25/02/16 .......................................................102
UITVOERINGSIMMUNITEIT .......................................................................................103
ILLUSTRATIE 1: NML CAPITAL V. ARGENTIË ..........................................................104
ILLUSTRATIE 2: YUKOS - ZAAK ................................................................................106
STAATSIMMUNITEIT EN TOEGANG TOT DE RECHTER .........................................106
STAATSIMMUNITEIT EN ERNSTIGE SCHENDINGEN INTERNATIONAAL RECHT .108
IMMUNITEIT EN ‘STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM’..............................................112
Immuniteiten van vreemde overheidsfunctionarissen ......................................................113
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................113
IMMUNITEIT RATIONE MATERIAE............................................................................114
IMMUNITEIT RATIONE PERSONAE ..........................................................................116
BIJZONDERE ZENDINGEN ........................................................................................117
NATIONALE VERTEGENWOORDIGERS BIJ IO’S .....................................................118
Immuniteiten IO’s en hun personeelsleden .....................................................................118
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................118
VERENIGDE NATIES .................................................................................................119
IMMUNITEITEN VISITING FORCES...........................................................................120
4
, IMMUNITEITEN IO’S EN MENSENRECHTEN ...........................................................121
HOOFDSTUK VII: DIPLOMATIEK- EN CONSULAIRRECHT .............................................125
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................125
Diplomaten .....................................................................................................................125
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................125
IMMUNITEIT EN ONSCHENDBAARHEID ..................................................................127
Consuls...........................................................................................................................133
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................134
IMMUNITEIT EN ONSCHENDBAARHEID ..................................................................134
HOOFDSTUK VIII: INTERNATIONALE AANSPRAKELIJKHEID ........................................137
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................137
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................137
Internationaal onrechtmatig gedrag.................................................................................138
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................138
OMSTANDIGHEDEN DIE ONRECHTMATIGHEID UITSLUITEN ................................139
ILLUSTRATIE: RAINBOW WARRIOR.........................................................................140
Toerekenbaarheid ...........................................................................................................140
TOEREKENBAARHEID ..............................................................................................140
BIJKOMENDE KANTTEKENINGEN............................................................................142
ICJ IN BOSNIAN GENOCIDE CASE 2006 ..................................................................142
Gevolgen staatsaansprakelijkheid...................................................................................145
BEËINDIGING EN HERSTEL......................................................................................145
PUTATIEVE SCHADEVERGOEDING EN SPECIALE GEVOLGEN VAN JUS COGENS
SCHENDINGEN ..........................................................................................................146
Inroepen staatsaansprakelijkheid ....................................................................................147
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................147
GRENZEN UITOEFENING DIPLOMATIEKE BESCHERMING ...................................149
Tegenmaatregelen ..........................................................................................................153
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................153
VOORWAARDEN .......................................................................................................154
TEGENMAATREGELEN DOOR DERDE STATEN? ...................................................154
Internationale organisaties ..............................................................................................155
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................155
TOEREKENBAARHEID OPTREDEN STAATSORGANEN .........................................156
ILLUSTRATIE: MOEDERS VAN SREBRENICA..........................................................157
BELGISCHE CASE MET BETREKKING TOT RWANDA ............................................164
5
, ANDERE BIJZONDERHEDEN ....................................................................................165
HOOFDSTUK IX: RECHT INZAKE GEBRUIK VAN GEWELD ...........................................165
Geweldverbod.................................................................................................................165
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................165
INTERVENTIE OP UITNODIGING ..............................................................................166
UITZONDERINGEN GEWELDVERBOD .....................................................................167
Machtiging VN-Veiligheidsraad .......................................................................................167
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................167
Recht op zelfverdediging ................................................................................................169
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................169
PRE-EMPTIEVE OF PREVENTIEVE ZELFVERDEDIGING? ......................................170
QUID AANVALLEN NIET-STATELIJKE GROEPEN? ..................................................171
Andere uitzonderingen? ..................................................................................................172
BESCHERMING ONDERDANEN IN HET BUITENLAND? ..........................................172
HUMANITAIRE INTERVENTIE? .................................................................................172
HOOFDSTUK X: RECHT DER GEWAPENDE CONFLICTEN ...........................................173
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................173
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................173
HISTORIEK .................................................................................................................175
VERSCHIL INTERNATIONALE EN NIET INTERNATIONALE GEWAPENDE
CONFLICTEN .............................................................................................................177
BRONNEN ..................................................................................................................178
INTERACTIE TUSSEN OORLOGSRECHT EN MENSENRECHTEN ..........................178
Toepassingsgebied RGC ................................................................................................179
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................179
IAN/NIAC – BASIS ......................................................................................................180
IAC/NIAC – BIJZONDERE GEVALLEN .......................................................................181
‘Targeting’ .......................................................................................................................181
ONDERSCHEID STRIJDER/BURGERS MET OOG OP TOEPASSING TARGETING-
REGELS .....................................................................................................................182
IDENTIFICATIE MILITAIRE DOELWITTEN ................................................................182
TOEPASSING TARGETING-REGELS ........................................................................183
Methode en middelen van oorlogvoering ........................................................................184
MIDDELEN..................................................................................................................184
METHODEN................................................................................................................185
Beschermde personen – recht van Genève ....................................................................185
6
, POW’S ........................................................................................................................185
BURGERS ..................................................................................................................186
Afdwinging jus in bello ....................................................................................................186
Interactie recht gewapende conflicten en terreurbestrijding.............................................187
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................187
BELGISCHE WETGEVING .........................................................................................188
BELGISCHE RECHTSPRAAK ARTIKEL 141BIS? ......................................................189
HOOFDSTUK XI: INTERNATIONAAL STRAFRECHT .......................................................191
OVERZICHT: ..................................................................................................................191
Inleiding ..........................................................................................................................191
Geschiedenis – historisch overzicht ................................................................................192
IMT VAN NEURENBERG ............................................................................................192
IMT VOOR HET VERRE OOSTEN (TOKIO) ...............................................................192
NEURENBERG PRINCIPES .......................................................................................193
POST-WERELDOORLOG II........................................................................................194
KOUDE OORLOG .......................................................................................................194
JOEGOESLAVIËTRIBUNAAL .....................................................................................195
RWANDA TRIBUNAAL ...............................................................................................195
RESIDUAL MECHANISM ............................................................................................196
INTERNATIONAAL STRAFHOF .................................................................................196
VERGELIJKING ..........................................................................................................198
Internationale misdaden (4) ............................................................................................198
ACTUS REUS EN MENS REA ....................................................................................198
GENOCIDE .................................................................................................................198
MISDADEN TEGEN DE MENSHEID...........................................................................200
OORLOGSMISDADEN ...............................................................................................202
AGRESSIE ..................................................................................................................205
VOORBEELD – OPGAVE ...........................................................................................206
Rechtsmacht ...................................................................................................................207
VOORAFGAANDE VOORWAARDEN .........................................................................207
RATIONAE TEMPORIS ..............................................................................................208
RATIONE PERSONAE................................................................................................209
IMMUNITEITEN ..........................................................................................................210
UITOEFENING – TRIGGER MECHANISMS ...............................................................210
Ontvankelijkheid .............................................................................................................212
COMPLEMENTARITEITSBEGINSEL .........................................................................212
7
, Aansprakelijkheidsvormen ..............................................................................................214
MISDAAD PLEGEN -PERPETRATION .......................................................................214
OPDRACHT GEVEN - ORDERING.............................................................................214
HULP OF BIJSTAND BIEDEN - AIDING AND ABETTING ..........................................214
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY ...................................................................................215
SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ...................................................................................215
COMMAND / SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ..............................................................215
Strafuitsluitingsgronden ..................................................................................................216
HOOFDSTUK XII: INTERNATIONAAL ECONOMISCH RECHT ........................................216
Internationaal economisch recht – algemeen ..................................................................216
WHAT’S IN A NAME? .................................................................................................216
INSTITUTIONEEL KADER ..........................................................................................217
BRONNEN ..................................................................................................................218
Internationaal investeringsrecht – evolutie en bronnen ...................................................218
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................218
BESCHERMING IN GEWOONTERECHT ...................................................................219
BILATERALE VERDRAGEN .......................................................................................220
MULTILATERALE INITIATIEVEN ...............................................................................221
Internationaal investeringsrecht – inhoudelijke bescherming en ISDS ............................222
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................222
TOEPASSINGSGEBIED VERDRAGEN ......................................................................225
INHOUDELIJKE BESCHERMING ...............................................................................227
PROCEDURELE BESCHERMING ..............................................................................234
QUO VADIS? ..............................................................................................................235
HOOFDSTUK XIII: INTERNATIONAAL ZEERECHT ..........................................................235
Inleiding ..........................................................................................................................235
HISTORISCHE CONTEXT ..........................................................................................235
UNCLOS .....................................................................................................................236
ANDERE INSTRUMENTEN ........................................................................................238
De territoriale zee en de aansluitende zone ....................................................................238
TERRITORIALE ZEE EN INTERNE WATEREN .........................................................238
JURISDICTIE KUSTSTAAT ........................................................................................239
AANSLUITENDE ZONE (ART. 33) ..............................................................................240
Het continentaal plat en de exclusief economische zone ................................................241
CONTINENTAAL PLAT ...............................................................................................241
EEZ .............................................................................................................................242
8
, ROL EILANDEN ..........................................................................................................244
De volle zee ....................................................................................................................245
DE VRIJHEDEN VAN DE VOLLE ZEE........................................................................245
EXCLUSIEVE JURISDICTIE VLAGGENSTAAT..........................................................245
PORT STATE JURISDICTION EN PORT STATE CONTROL .....................................246
UITZONDERING EXCLUSIEVE JURISDICTIE VLAGGENSTAAT ..............................247
UITZONDERINGEN ....................................................................................................248
Diepzeebodem................................................................................................................249
DE DIEPZEEBODEM/HET ‘GEBIED’ ..........................................................................249
Maritieme afbakening......................................................................................................250
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................250
ILLUSTRATIE: DE ZUID-CHINESE ZEE .....................................................................251
Geschillenbeslechting .....................................................................................................252
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................252
Illustratie: Artic sunrise ....................................................................................................255
FEITEN .......................................................................................................................255
EERSTE VERWIJT: VEILIGHEIDSZONE ROND BOORPLATFORM .........................257
TWEEDE VERWIJT: MAATREGELEN TEGEN ARCTIC SUNRISE & BEMANNING ..258
Visserij ............................................................................................................................259
UNCLOS .....................................................................................................................259
ANDERE INSTRUMENTEN/INITIATIEVEN ................................................................260
HOOFDSTUK XIV: INTERNATIONAAL MILIEURECHT .....................................................261
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................261
ACHTERGROND EN EVOLUTIE ................................................................................261
BRONNEN ..................................................................................................................262
INSTELLINGEN ..........................................................................................................263
IMPLEMENTATIE/AFDWINGING................................................................................263
Gevaarlijke stoffen en activiteiten....................................................................................264
Biodiversiteit ...................................................................................................................264
VERDRAGEN M.B.T. SPECIFIEKE SOORTEN – ILLUSTRATIE: HET
WALVISVERDRAG .....................................................................................................266
Bescherming mariene milieu ...........................................................................................266
Bescherming atmosfeer ..................................................................................................267
GRENSOVERSCHRIJDENDE LUCHTVERVUILING ..................................................267
BESCHERMING VAN DE OZONLAAG .......................................................................267
Global warming ...........................................................................................................267
9
2020
Internationaal
Publiekrecht
SAMENVATTING VAN DE NOTITIES, DIA’S EN DELEN UIT HET
BOEK
ALICE ROUCKHOUT
,Internationaal publiekrecht –
samenvatting
Samenvatting van de notities en het boek
PRAKTISCHE INFO EN EXAMEN
• Er zijn twee gastcolleges op 12/11 en 04/12
• Eén les valt weg op 13/11
• Te kennen:
o De reader wordt besproken in de les
o Cursus
o Slides en lesnota’s
• Beetje actualiteit volgen
• We werken aan de hand van illustraties + examenvragen zijn hieraan gekoppeld
• Vragen stellen kan in de les en via mail
Examen
• Je mag de reader gebruiken
• 2 a 3 casussen + open vragen
o Mix van diverse deeldomeinen in casus
o De openvragen pijlen niet naar papegaaien werk. De vragen gaat meestal in op
de voorbeelden uit de les.
1
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
PRAKTISCHE INFO EN EXAMEN ........................................................................................ 1
Examen ............................................................................................................................. 1
HOOFDSTUK I: NLEIDING ..................................................................................................11
Wat is internationaal recht?...............................................................................................11
DEFINITIE EN SCOPE..................................................................................................11
FUNCTIES EN KENMERKEN .......................................................................................12
Theorie internationaal recht ..............................................................................................17
HOOFDSTUK II: BRONNEN ................................................................................................19
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................19
INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................19
HIËRARCHIE ................................................................................................................21
Verdragen .........................................................................................................................22
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................22
BELANGRIJKE KANTTEKENINGEN ............................................................................26
ILLUSTRATIE 1: SOMALIË T. KENYA ..........................................................................27
ILLUSTRATIE 2: KLIMAATAKKOORD PARIJS.............................................................30
ILLUSTRATIE 3: IRAANS KERNAKKOORD (JCPAO) ..................................................32
Internationaal gewoonterecht ............................................................................................35
PRO MEMORIE: ...........................................................................................................35
ILLUSTRATIE - NORTH SEA CONTINENTAL SHELF..................................................36
Soft law en informal law making ........................................................................................40
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................40
ILLUSTRATIES .............................................................................................................41
ILLUSTRATIE: G7/G20 .................................................................................................43
ILLUSTRATIE: DE URGENDA ZAAK ............................................................................44
ILLUSTRATIE: MIGRATIEPACT ...................................................................................45
HOOFDSTUK III: VERDRAGSRECHT .................................................................................46
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................46
INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................46
TOTSTANDKOMING EN INWERKINGTREDING .........................................................47
TOEPASSING EN INTERPRETATIE ............................................................................49
WIJZIGING, BEËINDIGING EN NIETIGHEID ...............................................................50
ILLUSTRATIES .............................................................................................................51
ILLUSTRATIE: WAPENAKKOORDEN ..........................................................................52
2
, Case study: Westelijke Sahara .........................................................................................54
Case study: de Yukos zaak...............................................................................................58
VOORLOPIGE TOEPASSING ......................................................................................58
DE YUKOS SAGA – FEITEN ........................................................................................60
HET ENERCY CHARTER TREATY ..............................................................................61
DE YUKOS-ARBITRAGE ..............................................................................................62
NATIONALE PROCEDURES ........................................................................................62
UITSPRAAK RECHTBANK DEN HAAG ........................................................................63
EPILOOG: WAT NU? ....................................................................................................65
Case study: de Gabcikovo-Nagymaros-zaak ....................................................................66
ACHTERGROND ..........................................................................................................66
UITSPRAAK IGH...........................................................................................................67
HOOFDSTUK IV: INTERACTIE INTERNATIONAALRECHT EN NATIONAAL RECHT ........69
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................69
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................69
TWEE THEORIEËN ......................................................................................................70
ILLUSTRATIE – MONISME ...........................................................................................71
ILLUSTRATIE - DUALISME ..........................................................................................72
Case study: Avena en Medellin .........................................................................................73
ACHTERGROND ..........................................................................................................73
ONTWIKKELINGEN IN DE VS ......................................................................................74
MEDELLIN V. TEXAS (SCOTUS) .................................................................................75
VERVOLG .....................................................................................................................76
Case study: Het Italiaans Grondwettelijk Hof ....................................................................77
VOORGESCHIEDENIS .................................................................................................77
UITSPRAAK CORTE CONSTITUZIONALE – NO. 238 (2014) ......................................77
HOOFDSTUK V: JURISDICTIE ............................................................................................79
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................79
VEELZIJDIG BEGRIP ...................................................................................................79
JURISDICTIE EN SOEVEREINITEIT ............................................................................79
UITGANGSPUNT INTERNATIONAAL RECHT .............................................................79
Jurisdictie in strafzaken.....................................................................................................80
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................80
UNIVERSELE JURISDICTIE = UNIVERSALITEITSBEGINSEL ....................................81
HISSÈNE HABRÉ .........................................................................................................82
QUID ICC? ....................................................................................................................83
3
, Uitoefening van jurisdictie buiten de strafrechtelijke sfeer .................................................83
MEDEDINGINGSRECHT ..............................................................................................83
MILIEURECHT ..............................................................................................................84
ECONOMISCHE SANCTIES.........................................................................................85
FOUTAANSPRAKELIJKHEID IN BURGERLIJKE ZAKEN ............................................87
GEGEVENSBESCHERMING ........................................................................................90
Jurisdictie in internationale mensenrechtenverdragen.......................................................91
JURISDICTIE EN MENSENRECHTEN .........................................................................91
TOEPASSING EVRM IN INTERNATIONALE MILITAIRE OPERATIES ........................92
Jurisdictie in strafzaken en uitlevering ...............................................................................96
ALGEMEEN – BRONNEN .............................................................................................96
BASISREGELS .............................................................................................................96
UITLEVERINGSPROCEDURE .....................................................................................97
HOOFDSTUK VI: IMMUNITEITEN .......................................................................................99
Algemeen .........................................................................................................................99
IMMUNITEITEN – QUID? ..............................................................................................99
Staatsimmuniteit .............................................................................................................100
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................100
IMMUNITEIT VAN RECHTSMACHT ...........................................................................101
ILLUSTRATIE UITSPRAAK HVB GENT 25/02/16 .......................................................102
UITVOERINGSIMMUNITEIT .......................................................................................103
ILLUSTRATIE 1: NML CAPITAL V. ARGENTIË ..........................................................104
ILLUSTRATIE 2: YUKOS - ZAAK ................................................................................106
STAATSIMMUNITEIT EN TOEGANG TOT DE RECHTER .........................................106
STAATSIMMUNITEIT EN ERNSTIGE SCHENDINGEN INTERNATIONAAL RECHT .108
IMMUNITEIT EN ‘STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM’..............................................112
Immuniteiten van vreemde overheidsfunctionarissen ......................................................113
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................113
IMMUNITEIT RATIONE MATERIAE............................................................................114
IMMUNITEIT RATIONE PERSONAE ..........................................................................116
BIJZONDERE ZENDINGEN ........................................................................................117
NATIONALE VERTEGENWOORDIGERS BIJ IO’S .....................................................118
Immuniteiten IO’s en hun personeelsleden .....................................................................118
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................118
VERENIGDE NATIES .................................................................................................119
IMMUNITEITEN VISITING FORCES...........................................................................120
4
, IMMUNITEITEN IO’S EN MENSENRECHTEN ...........................................................121
HOOFDSTUK VII: DIPLOMATIEK- EN CONSULAIRRECHT .............................................125
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................125
Diplomaten .....................................................................................................................125
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................125
IMMUNITEIT EN ONSCHENDBAARHEID ..................................................................127
Consuls...........................................................................................................................133
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................134
IMMUNITEIT EN ONSCHENDBAARHEID ..................................................................134
HOOFDSTUK VIII: INTERNATIONALE AANSPRAKELIJKHEID ........................................137
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................137
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................137
Internationaal onrechtmatig gedrag.................................................................................138
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................138
OMSTANDIGHEDEN DIE ONRECHTMATIGHEID UITSLUITEN ................................139
ILLUSTRATIE: RAINBOW WARRIOR.........................................................................140
Toerekenbaarheid ...........................................................................................................140
TOEREKENBAARHEID ..............................................................................................140
BIJKOMENDE KANTTEKENINGEN............................................................................142
ICJ IN BOSNIAN GENOCIDE CASE 2006 ..................................................................142
Gevolgen staatsaansprakelijkheid...................................................................................145
BEËINDIGING EN HERSTEL......................................................................................145
PUTATIEVE SCHADEVERGOEDING EN SPECIALE GEVOLGEN VAN JUS COGENS
SCHENDINGEN ..........................................................................................................146
Inroepen staatsaansprakelijkheid ....................................................................................147
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................147
GRENZEN UITOEFENING DIPLOMATIEKE BESCHERMING ...................................149
Tegenmaatregelen ..........................................................................................................153
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................153
VOORWAARDEN .......................................................................................................154
TEGENMAATREGELEN DOOR DERDE STATEN? ...................................................154
Internationale organisaties ..............................................................................................155
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................155
TOEREKENBAARHEID OPTREDEN STAATSORGANEN .........................................156
ILLUSTRATIE: MOEDERS VAN SREBRENICA..........................................................157
BELGISCHE CASE MET BETREKKING TOT RWANDA ............................................164
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, ANDERE BIJZONDERHEDEN ....................................................................................165
HOOFDSTUK IX: RECHT INZAKE GEBRUIK VAN GEWELD ...........................................165
Geweldverbod.................................................................................................................165
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................165
INTERVENTIE OP UITNODIGING ..............................................................................166
UITZONDERINGEN GEWELDVERBOD .....................................................................167
Machtiging VN-Veiligheidsraad .......................................................................................167
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................167
Recht op zelfverdediging ................................................................................................169
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................169
PRE-EMPTIEVE OF PREVENTIEVE ZELFVERDEDIGING? ......................................170
QUID AANVALLEN NIET-STATELIJKE GROEPEN? ..................................................171
Andere uitzonderingen? ..................................................................................................172
BESCHERMING ONDERDANEN IN HET BUITENLAND? ..........................................172
HUMANITAIRE INTERVENTIE? .................................................................................172
HOOFDSTUK X: RECHT DER GEWAPENDE CONFLICTEN ...........................................173
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................173
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................173
HISTORIEK .................................................................................................................175
VERSCHIL INTERNATIONALE EN NIET INTERNATIONALE GEWAPENDE
CONFLICTEN .............................................................................................................177
BRONNEN ..................................................................................................................178
INTERACTIE TUSSEN OORLOGSRECHT EN MENSENRECHTEN ..........................178
Toepassingsgebied RGC ................................................................................................179
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................179
IAN/NIAC – BASIS ......................................................................................................180
IAC/NIAC – BIJZONDERE GEVALLEN .......................................................................181
‘Targeting’ .......................................................................................................................181
ONDERSCHEID STRIJDER/BURGERS MET OOG OP TOEPASSING TARGETING-
REGELS .....................................................................................................................182
IDENTIFICATIE MILITAIRE DOELWITTEN ................................................................182
TOEPASSING TARGETING-REGELS ........................................................................183
Methode en middelen van oorlogvoering ........................................................................184
MIDDELEN..................................................................................................................184
METHODEN................................................................................................................185
Beschermde personen – recht van Genève ....................................................................185
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, POW’S ........................................................................................................................185
BURGERS ..................................................................................................................186
Afdwinging jus in bello ....................................................................................................186
Interactie recht gewapende conflicten en terreurbestrijding.............................................187
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................187
BELGISCHE WETGEVING .........................................................................................188
BELGISCHE RECHTSPRAAK ARTIKEL 141BIS? ......................................................189
HOOFDSTUK XI: INTERNATIONAAL STRAFRECHT .......................................................191
OVERZICHT: ..................................................................................................................191
Inleiding ..........................................................................................................................191
Geschiedenis – historisch overzicht ................................................................................192
IMT VAN NEURENBERG ............................................................................................192
IMT VOOR HET VERRE OOSTEN (TOKIO) ...............................................................192
NEURENBERG PRINCIPES .......................................................................................193
POST-WERELDOORLOG II........................................................................................194
KOUDE OORLOG .......................................................................................................194
JOEGOESLAVIËTRIBUNAAL .....................................................................................195
RWANDA TRIBUNAAL ...............................................................................................195
RESIDUAL MECHANISM ............................................................................................196
INTERNATIONAAL STRAFHOF .................................................................................196
VERGELIJKING ..........................................................................................................198
Internationale misdaden (4) ............................................................................................198
ACTUS REUS EN MENS REA ....................................................................................198
GENOCIDE .................................................................................................................198
MISDADEN TEGEN DE MENSHEID...........................................................................200
OORLOGSMISDADEN ...............................................................................................202
AGRESSIE ..................................................................................................................205
VOORBEELD – OPGAVE ...........................................................................................206
Rechtsmacht ...................................................................................................................207
VOORAFGAANDE VOORWAARDEN .........................................................................207
RATIONAE TEMPORIS ..............................................................................................208
RATIONE PERSONAE................................................................................................209
IMMUNITEITEN ..........................................................................................................210
UITOEFENING – TRIGGER MECHANISMS ...............................................................210
Ontvankelijkheid .............................................................................................................212
COMPLEMENTARITEITSBEGINSEL .........................................................................212
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, Aansprakelijkheidsvormen ..............................................................................................214
MISDAAD PLEGEN -PERPETRATION .......................................................................214
OPDRACHT GEVEN - ORDERING.............................................................................214
HULP OF BIJSTAND BIEDEN - AIDING AND ABETTING ..........................................214
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY ...................................................................................215
SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ...................................................................................215
COMMAND / SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ..............................................................215
Strafuitsluitingsgronden ..................................................................................................216
HOOFDSTUK XII: INTERNATIONAAL ECONOMISCH RECHT ........................................216
Internationaal economisch recht – algemeen ..................................................................216
WHAT’S IN A NAME? .................................................................................................216
INSTITUTIONEEL KADER ..........................................................................................217
BRONNEN ..................................................................................................................218
Internationaal investeringsrecht – evolutie en bronnen ...................................................218
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................218
BESCHERMING IN GEWOONTERECHT ...................................................................219
BILATERALE VERDRAGEN .......................................................................................220
MULTILATERALE INITIATIEVEN ...............................................................................221
Internationaal investeringsrecht – inhoudelijke bescherming en ISDS ............................222
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................222
TOEPASSINGSGEBIED VERDRAGEN ......................................................................225
INHOUDELIJKE BESCHERMING ...............................................................................227
PROCEDURELE BESCHERMING ..............................................................................234
QUO VADIS? ..............................................................................................................235
HOOFDSTUK XIII: INTERNATIONAAL ZEERECHT ..........................................................235
Inleiding ..........................................................................................................................235
HISTORISCHE CONTEXT ..........................................................................................235
UNCLOS .....................................................................................................................236
ANDERE INSTRUMENTEN ........................................................................................238
De territoriale zee en de aansluitende zone ....................................................................238
TERRITORIALE ZEE EN INTERNE WATEREN .........................................................238
JURISDICTIE KUSTSTAAT ........................................................................................239
AANSLUITENDE ZONE (ART. 33) ..............................................................................240
Het continentaal plat en de exclusief economische zone ................................................241
CONTINENTAAL PLAT ...............................................................................................241
EEZ .............................................................................................................................242
8
, ROL EILANDEN ..........................................................................................................244
De volle zee ....................................................................................................................245
DE VRIJHEDEN VAN DE VOLLE ZEE........................................................................245
EXCLUSIEVE JURISDICTIE VLAGGENSTAAT..........................................................245
PORT STATE JURISDICTION EN PORT STATE CONTROL .....................................246
UITZONDERING EXCLUSIEVE JURISDICTIE VLAGGENSTAAT ..............................247
UITZONDERINGEN ....................................................................................................248
Diepzeebodem................................................................................................................249
DE DIEPZEEBODEM/HET ‘GEBIED’ ..........................................................................249
Maritieme afbakening......................................................................................................250
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................250
ILLUSTRATIE: DE ZUID-CHINESE ZEE .....................................................................251
Geschillenbeslechting .....................................................................................................252
ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................252
Illustratie: Artic sunrise ....................................................................................................255
FEITEN .......................................................................................................................255
EERSTE VERWIJT: VEILIGHEIDSZONE ROND BOORPLATFORM .........................257
TWEEDE VERWIJT: MAATREGELEN TEGEN ARCTIC SUNRISE & BEMANNING ..258
Visserij ............................................................................................................................259
UNCLOS .....................................................................................................................259
ANDERE INSTRUMENTEN/INITIATIEVEN ................................................................260
HOOFDSTUK XIV: INTERNATIONAAL MILIEURECHT .....................................................261
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................261
ACHTERGROND EN EVOLUTIE ................................................................................261
BRONNEN ..................................................................................................................262
INSTELLINGEN ..........................................................................................................263
IMPLEMENTATIE/AFDWINGING................................................................................263
Gevaarlijke stoffen en activiteiten....................................................................................264
Biodiversiteit ...................................................................................................................264
VERDRAGEN M.B.T. SPECIFIEKE SOORTEN – ILLUSTRATIE: HET
WALVISVERDRAG .....................................................................................................266
Bescherming mariene milieu ...........................................................................................266
Bescherming atmosfeer ..................................................................................................267
GRENSOVERSCHRIJDENDE LUCHTVERVUILING ..................................................267
BESCHERMING VAN DE OZONLAAG .......................................................................267
Global warming ...........................................................................................................267
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