UAMS Immunology Exam 1

immunization (vaccination) - -injecting antigen to cause immunity by inducing a protective immune response against specific organism or its associated toxin prior to the encounter with the pathogen immunology - -study of host rxns when foreign substances are introduced serology - -study of noncellular components in the blood (ag/ab) antigen (immunogen) (ag) - -"foreign" substance that stimulates the generation of an immune response. ags can be harmful or harmless environmental substances antibody (immunoglobulin) (ab) - -glycoprotein; made in response to ag epitope - -ab binding site; single ag site immunity - -increased resistance to infection which often follows recovery from an initial exposure immunological homeostasis - -confers health by responding and controlling infection with moderation innate/natural immunity - -nonspecific; protection always present in healthy individuals; normal body fxns; first line of defense ag nonspecific, rapid response (minutes), and no memory (splinter story) - -what are the characteristics of natural/innate immunity? adaptive/acquired immunity - -specific; induced/stimulated by non self foreign substances that invade tissue or against infected cells and tumors; defend against specific invaders thus protection result of prior experience with ag; mediated by lymphocytes ag specific, slow response (days), and memory - -what are the characteristics of adaptive/acquired immunity? epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation - -what are some examples of innate/natural immunity in the body? humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity - -what are the types of adaptive/acquired immunity? humoral immunity - -which adaptive/acquired immunity is mediated by abs produced by B lymphs- secreted into circulation/mucosal fluids -finally neutralize and eliminate extracellular microbes/microbial toxins? cell mediated immunity - -which adaptive/acquired immunity is mediated by T lymphs and products in which some T lymphs produce substances to activate phagocytes and destroy intracellular microbes and kill host cells harboring intracellular microbes? active and/or passive - -what are two ways adaptive/acquired immunity is induced? active - -which stimulated pathway in adaptive/acquired immunity involves abs made by the host, infection or vaccination, and induces long lived resistance? EX: use of vaccines against HVB, measles, polio, etc. passive - -which stimulated pathway in adaptive/acquired immunity involves abs made externally by another or conferred by transfer of abs from an actively immunized individual or animal; rapidly confers immunity but short lived? EX: newborn protected by acquiring abs from mother's placenta and milk acute phase reactants - -serum constituents made in the liver; nonspecific rapid first defense complement and c reactive protein (CRP) - -what are the two major acute phase reactants? infection, surgery, or other trauma - -what increases the levels of acute phase reactants? cytokines - -secreted proteins that act as chemical messengers; mediate many cellular rxns -- responsible for communications btwn WBCs and btwn WBC and other cells stimulate inflammation, activate cells (NK cells and macrophages), and prevent viral infections (interferon) - -what are the functions of cytokines? interleukin (IL), interferon (INF), chemokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and colony stimulating factor (CSF) - -what are the different names for cytokines? interleukins - -which cytokines acts as a messengers btwn WBCs plus many other functions? IL1 - -which interleukin is an endogenous pyrogen, fever inducing, produced by monos and macrophages, induces production of chemokines and IL6? IL1-RA - -which interleukin is produced to block the IL1 receptor to limit response and turn off response when no longer needed? (antagonist cytokine) IL6 - -which interleukin triggered by the presence of IL1, stimulates B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, and induce CD4 T cells to produce greater quantities or pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokines? IL2 - -which interleukin is aka T cell growth factor, produced by T helper 1 cells, drives the growth and differentiation of T and B cells and induces lytic activity in NK cells and promotes class switching? IL4 - -which interleukin activates naive Th cells, induces them to become Th 2 cells, is a receptor expressed on lymphs and non-hem cells, and its activation favors B cells activity related to production of IgE (parasitic infections, AIDs, and allergies)? IL5 - -which interleukin links T cell activation and eosinophilic inflammation, produced by Th 2 cells and mast cells, stimulates growth, diff, and activation of eosinophils, and induces activated T and B cells? IL10 - -which interleukin is anti-inflammatory and suppressive, aka down regulator, inhibits ag presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells to Th 1 cells, produced by monos, macrophages, Tc and Th 2 cells, and major in suppression of IFN y? interferons - -which cytokines are first found to interrupt viral replication in an infected cell; antiviral actions? alpha/beta: antivirals gamma: activate macrophages - -which interferons act as antivirals and which activates macrophages? chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) - -which cytokines stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to tissue? tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - -which cytokine is the major mediator of the natural defense against gram neg bacteria and triggered by the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cell wall and macrophages are its main source? colony stimulating factors (CSF) - -which cytokines go by the name of hematopoietic growth factors? hematopoietic growth factors (CSF) - -which cytokines are the primary mediators of hematopoiesis? phagocytosis - -process by which certain WBC engulf and kill invaders neutrophils, monos, macrophages, and dendritic cells - -what are the important phagocytic cells? 1.) physical contact: due to chemotaxis and opsonins 2.) phagosome formation: formation of vacuole within cell as pseudopodia surrounds a particle 3.) phagolysosome formation: structure formed by the fusion of cytoplasmic granules and phagosome 4.)exocytosis: excretion of material after digestion by enzymes - -what is the sequence of phagocytosis? opsonins - -serum molecules that become attached to foreign material and enhance phagocytosis (like salt and pepper enhances the flavor) C3b (PMNs and macrophages have receptors) and IgG - -what are two major osponins? neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells - -which cells are associated with natural immunity? neutrophil (PMNs) 40-75% - -which natural immunity cell is distributed half in the blood, half in marginating pool, and 1st to arrive and try to get situation under control? (aka the marines of phagocytic cells) eosinophil 5% - -which natural immunity cell is associated with allergies and parasitic infections, neutralize basophil and mast cells, and can also phagocytose? basophil 5% - -which natural immunity cell is related to mast cells, important in hypersensitivity rxns, granules contain histamine and heparin, IgE binds to their cell wall, and live a short life? mast cells - -which natural immunity cell is found in connective tissue around blood and lymphatic vessels, important in hypersensitivity rxns, binds IgE and other anaphylatoxins, and have a long life? monocytes (mononuclear cells) up to 12% - -which natural immunity cell has very fine granules, stay in circulation for up to 70 hours, migrate to tissues and differentiate into new cells? macrophages - -which natural immunity cell are considered the army of phagocytic cells, take 12-24 hrs to arrive at the site, APCs to T cells, initiate and regulate immune response, phagocytosis, and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines? dendritic cell - -which natural immunity cell is found on skin/mucous membranes, aka langerhans' cells, most potent phagocytic cell in tissue, APCs to T cells, and activate/direct T cell activation and development? NK cells (10-15% of circulating lymphs) - -which natural immunity cell kills microbe-infected cells using killer inhibitory receptors by releasing perforin or inducing apoptosis and secretes cytokines to activate macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes? antigen presenting cells (APCs), T and B lymphs - -which cells are associated with acquired immunity? macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells located at common portals of entry for microbes