Hondros NUR 205 Exam 3 Updated Version 2025

Impaired urinary elimination - Correct Answer-1. Anuria (absence of urine) 2. Dysuria ( painful urnination) 3. Polyuria ( multiple episodes of urinating-diabetes) 4. Urinary frequency (multiple episodes w/ little urine produced in a short time) 5. Urinary hesitancy (the urge to urinate exists, but pt having hard time starting the stream) 3 processes of urine formation - Correct Answer-1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion Glomerular filtration - Correct Answer-The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. Tubular reabsorption - Correct Answer-Process of reabsorbing water and electrolytes back into the blood Tubular secretion - Correct Answer-selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts Urinary incontinence 1. Stress - Correct Answer-Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical movement - ie. coughing, sneezing, exercising. Urinary incontinence 2. Urge - Correct Answer-leakage of small amounts of urine at UNEXPECTED times - ie. during sleep Urinary incontinence 3. Functional - Correct Answer-Untimely urination because of physical disability, external obstacles, or cognitive problems that prevent from reaching the toilet. Urinary incontinence 4. Overflow - Correct Answer-Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine due to full bladder Urinary incontinence 5. Transient - Correct Answer-Leakage that occurs temporarily because of a situation that will pass - ie. UTI, infection, pregnancy, cold with coughing. Urinary incontinence 6. Reflex - Correct Answer-Involuntary loss of urine occurring at predictable intervals when patient reaches bladder volume - ie. spinal cord damage, loss of urge to void. Nursing interventions for constipation - Correct Answer-Sitting in chair, walking Increase fluids, and fiber Elimination discomfort exemplars - Correct Answer-Anal fissure anorectal abscess hemorrhoids interstitial cystitis pilonidal cyst urolithiasis Elimination infection and inflammation exemplars - Correct Answer-GI: Infection-- C. Diff Inflammation--IBD, UC, Crohns Urinary: Infection--UTI, kidney infection, pyelonephritis, kidney stones Colorectal risk factors - Correct Answer-Over age 50 Race - African American have highest rates Diet - intake of animal fats and red meat Type 1 diabetes - Correct Answer--no insulin is produced -usually diagnosed in childhood -cells are starved of glucose since there is no insulin to bring into the cells -cells break down protein and fat into energy causing ketones to build up - acidosis Type 1 signs and symptoms - Correct Answer-*abrupt!* Polyuria polydipsia polyphagia Type 1 treatment - Correct Answer-Insulin only. oral agents will not work DKA patho - Correct Answer-*abrupt* 1. not enough insulin 2. blood sugar becomes VERY high 3. cells break down protein and fat into energy 4. ketones build up---acidosis DKA signs and symptoms - Correct Answer-Ketosis and acidosis fruity breath hyperglycemia dehydration kussmaul respiration--trying to blow off CO2 DKA treatment - Correct Answer-IV insulin Fluid replacement Correction of fluid/electrolyte imbalances Type 2 diabetes - Correct Answer-Does not produce enough insulin or produces bad insulin that does not work properly. onset usually as an adult Type 2 signs and symptoms - Correct Answer-Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Type 2 treatment - Correct Answer-Diet and exercise oral hypoglycemia agents--metformin sometimes insulin HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) patho - Correct Answer-*gradual onset* No acidosis present High amount of glucose in the blood HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) signs and symptoms - Correct Answer-Hyperglycemia HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) Treatment - Correct Answer-Fluid replacement Correction of electrolyte imbalances Possible insulin administration How do the kidneys compensate? - Correct Answer-Excreting excess acid and bicarb (HCO3) OR Retaining hydrogen and bicarb (HCO3) How do the lungs compensate? - Correct Answer-Hyperventilating = decreased CO2 = alkalosis Hypoventilating = increased CO2 = Acidosis Respiratory Acidosis patho - Correct Answer-*Lung problem, kidneys compensate* -The lungs are retaining too much CO2 -The kidneys excrete hydrogen and retain bicarb Respiratory Acidosis causes - Correct Answer-Retaining CO2 "depress" breathing *D*rugs (opioids and sedatives *E*dema (fluid in lungs) *P*neumonia (excess mucus in the lungs) *R*espiratory center of brain is damaged *E*mboli (pulmonary emboli) *S*pasms of the bronchial (asthma) *S*ac elasticity damage (COPD and emphysema) *all cause impaired gas exchange* Respiratory Acidosis interventions - Correct Answer-Administer O2 Semi-fowlers position Turn, cough, deep breath Increase fluids Monitor potassium levels Respiratory Acidosis Signs and Symptoms - Correct Answer-Hypoxia Decreased blood pressure Decreased respiration rate Increased heart rate Confusion Headache Sleepy/coma Respiratory Alkalosis Patho - Correct Answer--The lungs are losing too much CO2 -The kidney excrete bicarb (HCO3) & retain hydrogen Respiratory Alkalosis Causes - Correct Answer-*Losing CO2* Tachypnea Increased temperature Aspirin toxicity Hyperventilation Respiratory Alkalosis Signs and symptoms - Correct Answer-Increased respiratory rate Increased heart rate Confused and tired Positive Chvostek sign--twitching of facial muscles when tapping the facial nerve Respiratory Alkalosis Interventions - Correct Answer-Rebreathing into a paper bag Give anti anxiety medications to decrease breathing Monitor potassium and calcium levels Metabolic Acidosis Patho - Correct Answer-*Kidney problem, lungs compensate* -Too much hydrogen, too little bicarb (HCO3) -The lungs will blow off CO2 Metabolic Acidosis causes - Correct Answer-DKA Acute/chronic kidney injury Malnutrition Severe diarrhea Metabolic Acidosis Signs and Symptoms - Correct Answer-Kussmauls breathing - deep/rapid Hyperkalemia-muscle weakness, twitching