NUSCTX 11, MIDTERM 2 - UC
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Hypoxia - Answer-The lack of oxygen, can also cause major CNS damage (e.g.
cyanide, carbon monoxide)
MPTP - Answer-A contaminant in desmethylprodine (MPPP), an opiod analgesic
drug, which gave several people in the 1970s and 1980s irreversible Parkinson's
Disease
MPTP Mechanism of Action - Answer-MPTP crosses the blood brain barrier
MPTP gets metabolized to the toxic bioactivated agent MPP+ by monoamine
oxidase-B (MAOB) found in glial cells in the brain
MPP+ is selectively taken up by dopamine transporters in the brain
MPP+ inhibits complex I of the electron-transport chain and depletes ATP in
neurons.
Over hours to days, patients develop irreversible symptoms of Parkinson's disease,
including tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability
Antidote for MPTP - Answer-MAOB inhibitors such as selegiline are used as
antidotes to prevent conversion of MPTP to MPP+
Possible Environmental Agents for Parkinson's - Answer-Epidemiologic studies
implicate exposure to herbicides, pesticides, and metals as risk factors for
Parkinson's disease.
Paraquat - Answer-A potent herbicide that produces oxidative stress similar to that of
MPP+
Exposure has been epidemiologically linked to Parkinson's Disease
Neuroinflammation - Answer-Inflammation is meant as a defense mechanism
against neurotoxic insult
Hallmark of neurodegenerative disease
Chronic non-resolving inflammation can lead to neurodegenerative disorders such as
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease
Environmental Inflammogens - Answer-Stress
Bacterial/viral infections
Obesity and diabetes
,Fatty foods
Pesticides
Metals
Gluten
Trichloroethylene (cleaners)
Carbon tetrachloride (cleaners, refrigerant)
Cigarette smoke
Diesel exhaust
Physical injury
Alcohol
Radiation
Irritants
Cannabis Sativa - Answer-Derivatives of it are marijuana and hashish.
Tetrahydrocannabinol - Answer-Active component of marijuana.
Marijuana Effects - Answer-Mild euphoria
Relaxing "high"
Increased appetite
Cognitive impairments related to attention and memory
Motor impairment
Health Benefits of Cannabinoids - Answer-Prevention of vomiting and nausea in
cancer patients
Prevention of weight loss in AIDS patients
Reduction of pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis
Treatment of cancer anorexia, pain, depression and anxiety
Psychotropic Effects - Answer-Are through CB1 receptors
G protein-coupled receptors
CB1 receptors are highly expressed in the brain
CB1 Receptors - Answer-Belong to a family of G protein receptors (GPCR).
Present in almost every brain region and on many different types of neurons.
Mechanism of the "High" - Answer-THC binds to CB1 receptor and inhibits
neurotransmission
Adenylate Cyclase - Answer-Inhibited by THC which then reduces cyclic AMP
(cAMP) -> inhibits protein kinase A (PKA) activation and reduces the gene
expression of CREB, leading to impairments in long-term memory.
, Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels - Answer-Inhibited by THC -> reduces
neurotransmitter release from presynapse (e.g. glutamate) -> suppresses
neurotransmission.
Abundant CB1 Receptor Expression - Answer-Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Moderate Abundant CB1 Receptor Expression - Answer-Hypothalamus
Periaqueductal Gray
Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
Brain Stem
Spinal Cord
Amygdala
Spice - Answer-Exerts strong cannabis-like effects
Several cases of overdosing that requires hospitalization
Produces a sense of empathy and well-being, euphoria disinhibition
Effects of Spice - Answer-Nausea
Anxiety
Agitation/panic attacks
Tachycardia
Paranoid Ideation
Hallucinations
Psychosis
Loss of consciousness
Confusion
Unresponsiveness
Seizures
Synthetic Cannabinoids - Answer-10-1000 times more potent that natural occurring
cannabinoids
Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) - Answer-Involved in the degradation of
endocannabinoids in the brain.
Hydrolizes 2-AG into arachidonic acid and glycerol
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) - Answer-Involved in the degradation of
endocannabinoids in the brain
Hydrolizes Anandamide into arachidonic acid and ethanolamine
Endocannabinoid System - Answer-System of cannabinoids produced in the body.
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Hypoxia - Answer-The lack of oxygen, can also cause major CNS damage (e.g.
cyanide, carbon monoxide)
MPTP - Answer-A contaminant in desmethylprodine (MPPP), an opiod analgesic
drug, which gave several people in the 1970s and 1980s irreversible Parkinson's
Disease
MPTP Mechanism of Action - Answer-MPTP crosses the blood brain barrier
MPTP gets metabolized to the toxic bioactivated agent MPP+ by monoamine
oxidase-B (MAOB) found in glial cells in the brain
MPP+ is selectively taken up by dopamine transporters in the brain
MPP+ inhibits complex I of the electron-transport chain and depletes ATP in
neurons.
Over hours to days, patients develop irreversible symptoms of Parkinson's disease,
including tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability
Antidote for MPTP - Answer-MAOB inhibitors such as selegiline are used as
antidotes to prevent conversion of MPTP to MPP+
Possible Environmental Agents for Parkinson's - Answer-Epidemiologic studies
implicate exposure to herbicides, pesticides, and metals as risk factors for
Parkinson's disease.
Paraquat - Answer-A potent herbicide that produces oxidative stress similar to that of
MPP+
Exposure has been epidemiologically linked to Parkinson's Disease
Neuroinflammation - Answer-Inflammation is meant as a defense mechanism
against neurotoxic insult
Hallmark of neurodegenerative disease
Chronic non-resolving inflammation can lead to neurodegenerative disorders such as
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease
Environmental Inflammogens - Answer-Stress
Bacterial/viral infections
Obesity and diabetes
,Fatty foods
Pesticides
Metals
Gluten
Trichloroethylene (cleaners)
Carbon tetrachloride (cleaners, refrigerant)
Cigarette smoke
Diesel exhaust
Physical injury
Alcohol
Radiation
Irritants
Cannabis Sativa - Answer-Derivatives of it are marijuana and hashish.
Tetrahydrocannabinol - Answer-Active component of marijuana.
Marijuana Effects - Answer-Mild euphoria
Relaxing "high"
Increased appetite
Cognitive impairments related to attention and memory
Motor impairment
Health Benefits of Cannabinoids - Answer-Prevention of vomiting and nausea in
cancer patients
Prevention of weight loss in AIDS patients
Reduction of pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis
Treatment of cancer anorexia, pain, depression and anxiety
Psychotropic Effects - Answer-Are through CB1 receptors
G protein-coupled receptors
CB1 receptors are highly expressed in the brain
CB1 Receptors - Answer-Belong to a family of G protein receptors (GPCR).
Present in almost every brain region and on many different types of neurons.
Mechanism of the "High" - Answer-THC binds to CB1 receptor and inhibits
neurotransmission
Adenylate Cyclase - Answer-Inhibited by THC which then reduces cyclic AMP
(cAMP) -> inhibits protein kinase A (PKA) activation and reduces the gene
expression of CREB, leading to impairments in long-term memory.
, Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels - Answer-Inhibited by THC -> reduces
neurotransmitter release from presynapse (e.g. glutamate) -> suppresses
neurotransmission.
Abundant CB1 Receptor Expression - Answer-Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Moderate Abundant CB1 Receptor Expression - Answer-Hypothalamus
Periaqueductal Gray
Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
Brain Stem
Spinal Cord
Amygdala
Spice - Answer-Exerts strong cannabis-like effects
Several cases of overdosing that requires hospitalization
Produces a sense of empathy and well-being, euphoria disinhibition
Effects of Spice - Answer-Nausea
Anxiety
Agitation/panic attacks
Tachycardia
Paranoid Ideation
Hallucinations
Psychosis
Loss of consciousness
Confusion
Unresponsiveness
Seizures
Synthetic Cannabinoids - Answer-10-1000 times more potent that natural occurring
cannabinoids
Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) - Answer-Involved in the degradation of
endocannabinoids in the brain.
Hydrolizes 2-AG into arachidonic acid and glycerol
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) - Answer-Involved in the degradation of
endocannabinoids in the brain
Hydrolizes Anandamide into arachidonic acid and ethanolamine
Endocannabinoid System - Answer-System of cannabinoids produced in the body.
