NUSCTX 10, MIDTERM 1 - UC
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Protein Efficiency Ratio - Answer-Live weight gain/crude protein intake
Kwashiorkor - Answer-A condition of protein malnutrition.
Digestibility - Answer-A measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a
given protein intake.
Isocaloric Diet - Answer-Test diet and control diets have the same caloric density
True Digestibility - Answer-((Neaten-(Nfecal-Nmetabolic))/Neaten)*100
Adequate Intakes - Answer-Daily intake amounts set for a nutrient for which there
are insufficient research data to establish EAR.
Estimated Average Requirements - Answer-Nutrient intake amounts estimated to
meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a group. Used only to evaluate adequacy
of diets of groups, not individuals.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels - Answer-Specifies the maximum amount of a nutrient
that most people can consume on a daily basis without some adverse effect.
Recommended Dietary Allowances - Answer-Daily nutrient intake amount sufficient
to meet the needs of 97-98% of individuals in a life stage. Set higher than EARs.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges - Answer-A range of intake for each
macronutrient, as percent of energy, associated with good health and reduced risk
for chronic disease.
Estimated Energy Requirements - Answer-The average daily energy needs for life-
stage.
Nutrition - Answer-The process of obtaining and the assimilation of food necessary
for the health, maintenance, growth and reproduction of the organism.
Water - Answer-Helps to regulate body temperature, transports nutrients and
minerals to cells, rids the body of waste materials, essential to all life processes.
Cellular Respiration - Answer-The biochemical pathway by which cells release
energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the
essential processes of life.
Oxidation/Reduction - Answer-Losing electrons/gaining electrons
,4 Types of Tissue - Answer-Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Homeostasis - Answer-Internal constancy
Scientific Method - Answer-Identify the Problem
Gather Data
Make a Hypothesis
Test the Hypothesis (Experimental)
Does the New Data Agree?
Falsifiable Hypotheses - Answer-Testability
Cohort Studies - Answer-Involve following groups of people over time. There are two
primary purposes for these studies.
Retrospective Studies - Answer-Study in which the investigator defines the sample
and collects data about the predictor variables after the outcomes have occurred.
Prospective Studies - Answer-Study in which the investigator defines the sample and
collects data about the predictor variables before any outcomes have occurred.
Calorie - Answer-The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water
through 1 °C
Hess' Law - Answer-The total amount of heat produced or consumed when a
chemical system changes from an initial state to a final state is independent of the
way in which this change is brought about - can't get something from nothing.
Energy Balance - Answer-Energy In (the food you eat) - Energy Out (expenditures)
Bomb Calorimetry - Answer-Used to estimate energy content of food but does not
tell how efficiently our bodies would use a food
Active Transport - Answer-The movements of ions and molecules across a cell
membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring
energy.
Microvilli - Answer-Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial
cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but
most dense in small intestine and kidney
Crypt - Answer-A small tubular gland, pit, or recess.
Duodenum - Answer-The first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the
stomach, leading to the jejunum.
Bicarbonate - Answer-A salt containing the anion HCO3
, Peristalsis - Answer-The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the
intestine or canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal
forward.
Bile - Answer-Emulsifies fats.
A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver
and stored in the gallbladder.
Enteropeptidase - Answer-The enzyme that catalyzes the activation of trypsin from
trypsinogen.
Lymph - Answer-A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues
and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.
Micelle - Answer-An aggregate of molecules in a colloidal solution, such as those
formed by detergents.
Splanchnic - Answer-Of or relating to the viscera or internal organs, esp. those of the
abdomen.
Zymogen - Answer-Inactive substance secreted in granules by the pancreas.
It is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme.
Amylase - Answer-An enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that
converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.
Trypsin - Answer-A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small
intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, trypsinogen.
Polypeptide - Answer-A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of
amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (of the whole of) a
protein molecule.
Acinar - Answer-A cell of the pancreatic ductule that occupies the lumen of an
acinus; it secretes bicarbonate and water, providing an alkaline pH necessary for
enzyme activity in the intestine.
Cholecystokinin - Answer-A hormone that is secreted by cells in the duodenum and
stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the
pancreas.
Essential Amino Acids - Answer-They must be supplied by the diet.
The group of amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the organism but are
required by the organism.
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Protein Efficiency Ratio - Answer-Live weight gain/crude protein intake
Kwashiorkor - Answer-A condition of protein malnutrition.
Digestibility - Answer-A measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a
given protein intake.
Isocaloric Diet - Answer-Test diet and control diets have the same caloric density
True Digestibility - Answer-((Neaten-(Nfecal-Nmetabolic))/Neaten)*100
Adequate Intakes - Answer-Daily intake amounts set for a nutrient for which there
are insufficient research data to establish EAR.
Estimated Average Requirements - Answer-Nutrient intake amounts estimated to
meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a group. Used only to evaluate adequacy
of diets of groups, not individuals.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels - Answer-Specifies the maximum amount of a nutrient
that most people can consume on a daily basis without some adverse effect.
Recommended Dietary Allowances - Answer-Daily nutrient intake amount sufficient
to meet the needs of 97-98% of individuals in a life stage. Set higher than EARs.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges - Answer-A range of intake for each
macronutrient, as percent of energy, associated with good health and reduced risk
for chronic disease.
Estimated Energy Requirements - Answer-The average daily energy needs for life-
stage.
Nutrition - Answer-The process of obtaining and the assimilation of food necessary
for the health, maintenance, growth and reproduction of the organism.
Water - Answer-Helps to regulate body temperature, transports nutrients and
minerals to cells, rids the body of waste materials, essential to all life processes.
Cellular Respiration - Answer-The biochemical pathway by which cells release
energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the
essential processes of life.
Oxidation/Reduction - Answer-Losing electrons/gaining electrons
,4 Types of Tissue - Answer-Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Homeostasis - Answer-Internal constancy
Scientific Method - Answer-Identify the Problem
Gather Data
Make a Hypothesis
Test the Hypothesis (Experimental)
Does the New Data Agree?
Falsifiable Hypotheses - Answer-Testability
Cohort Studies - Answer-Involve following groups of people over time. There are two
primary purposes for these studies.
Retrospective Studies - Answer-Study in which the investigator defines the sample
and collects data about the predictor variables after the outcomes have occurred.
Prospective Studies - Answer-Study in which the investigator defines the sample and
collects data about the predictor variables before any outcomes have occurred.
Calorie - Answer-The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water
through 1 °C
Hess' Law - Answer-The total amount of heat produced or consumed when a
chemical system changes from an initial state to a final state is independent of the
way in which this change is brought about - can't get something from nothing.
Energy Balance - Answer-Energy In (the food you eat) - Energy Out (expenditures)
Bomb Calorimetry - Answer-Used to estimate energy content of food but does not
tell how efficiently our bodies would use a food
Active Transport - Answer-The movements of ions and molecules across a cell
membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring
energy.
Microvilli - Answer-Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial
cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but
most dense in small intestine and kidney
Crypt - Answer-A small tubular gland, pit, or recess.
Duodenum - Answer-The first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the
stomach, leading to the jejunum.
Bicarbonate - Answer-A salt containing the anion HCO3
, Peristalsis - Answer-The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the
intestine or canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal
forward.
Bile - Answer-Emulsifies fats.
A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver
and stored in the gallbladder.
Enteropeptidase - Answer-The enzyme that catalyzes the activation of trypsin from
trypsinogen.
Lymph - Answer-A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues
and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.
Micelle - Answer-An aggregate of molecules in a colloidal solution, such as those
formed by detergents.
Splanchnic - Answer-Of or relating to the viscera or internal organs, esp. those of the
abdomen.
Zymogen - Answer-Inactive substance secreted in granules by the pancreas.
It is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme.
Amylase - Answer-An enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that
converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.
Trypsin - Answer-A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small
intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, trypsinogen.
Polypeptide - Answer-A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of
amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (of the whole of) a
protein molecule.
Acinar - Answer-A cell of the pancreatic ductule that occupies the lumen of an
acinus; it secretes bicarbonate and water, providing an alkaline pH necessary for
enzyme activity in the intestine.
Cholecystokinin - Answer-A hormone that is secreted by cells in the duodenum and
stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the
pancreas.
Essential Amino Acids - Answer-They must be supplied by the diet.
The group of amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the organism but are
required by the organism.
