MI End-of-Course Assessment questions and answers 100% accurately solved.

Tissue Engineering - correct answer A multidisciplinary field involving biology, medicine, and engineering working to restore, maintain, and enhance tissue and organ function. Xenotransplantation - correct answer A transplantation of an organ, tissue, or cells between two different species. Medical Intervention - correct answer Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease. Allele - correct answer Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given locus BRCA - correct answer Either of two tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that in mutated form tend to be associated with an increased risk of certain cancers and especially breast and ovarian cancers Cryosurgery - correct answer Surgery in which diseased or abnormal tissue (as a tumor or wart) is destroyed or removed by freezing (as by the use of liquid nitrogen) Familial Cancer - correct answer Cancer that occurs in families more often than would be expected by chance. These cancers often occur at an early age, and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of cancer. They may also be a sign of shared environmental or lifestyle factors. Genetic Marker - correct answer Alteration in DNA that may indicate an increased risk of developing a specific disease or disorder Hereditary Cancer - correct answer An inherited disorder in which affected individuals have a higher-than-normal chance of developing certain types of cancer, often before the age of 50 Marker Analysis - correct answer A genetic technique whereby the sequence of the gene is not directly analyzed, but the mutant copy (allele) of the gene is inferred through analysis of a genetic marker Microsatellite (also known as Short Tandem Repeats-STRs) - correct answer Any of numerous short segments of DNA that are distributed throughout the genome, that consist of repeated sequences of usually two to five nucleotides, and that are often useful markers in studies of genetic linkage because they tend to vary from one individual to another Melanoma - correct answer A tumor of high malignancy that starts in melanocytes of normal skin or moles and metastasizes rapidly and widely Model System - correct answer An organism chosen to study broad biological principles Screening - correct answer To test or examine for the presence of something (as a disease) Sporadic Cancer - correct answer Cancer occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances Virologist - correct answer A specialist in virology, the branch of science that deals with viruses Apoptosis - correct answer The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die Biopsy - correct answer The removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the living body. Bone Scan - correct answer A test that detects areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism; test is performed to identify abnormal processes involving the bone such as tumor, infection, or fracture. Cancer - correct answer A malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally and systemically. Cell Cycle - correct answer An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. Computed Tomography Scan (CT or CAT Scan) - correct answer A sectional 3-dimensional view of the body constructed by computed tomography. Diagnostic Imaging - correct answer Technologies that doctors use to look inside your body for clues about a medical condition; includes X-rays, CT scans, nuclear medicine scans, MRI scans and ultrasound. DNA Microarray - correct answer A microarray of immobilized single-stranded DNA fragments of known nucleotide sequence that is used especially in the identification and sequencing of DNA samples and in the analysis of gene expression (as in a cell or tissue). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - correct answer A noninvasive diagnostic technique that produces computerized images of internal body tissues and is based on nuclear magnetic resonance of atoms within the body induced by the application of radio waves. Oncogene - correct answer A gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous. Osteosarcoma - correct answer A cancer derived from bone or containing bone tissue. Proto-oncogene - correct answer A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene. Radiology - correct answer A branch of medicine concerned with the use of radiant energy (as X-rays or ultrasound) in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Risk Factor - correct answer Something which increases risk or susceptibility Tumor Suppressor Gene - correct answer A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer). X-ray - correct answer To examine, treat, or photograph with X-rays Amniocentesis - correct answer A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus Anneal - correct answer To be capable of combining with complementary nucleic acid by a process of heating and cooling Carrier Screening - correct answer Indiscriminate examination of members of a population to detect heterozygotes for serious disorders Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - correct answer A technique for diagnosing genetic and congenital defects in a fetus by removing and analyzing a sample of the fetal portion of the placenta Gene - correct answer A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA Genome - correct answer The complement of an organism's genes; an organisms genetic material Genotype - correct answer The genetic makeup of an organism Karyotype - correct answer A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape Newborn screening - correct answer The analysis of a neonate's blood for metabolic or genetic disorders to prevent mental retardation, disability or death Phenotype - correct answer The physical and physiological traits of an organism