MI Semester Exam Review Questions With Correct Detailed Answers Guaranteed Success.

What does the T (lymphocyte) cell do in the immune system? - correct answer T cells are like the soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence system has identified. T-cells recognize and kill virus-infected cells directly. What does the B (lymphocyte) cell do in the immune system? - correct answer B lymphocytes are like the body's military intelligence system, seeking out their targets and sending defenses to lock onto them. B-cells make antibodies, which circulate and bind to antigens. What are the categories of Medical Interventions? - correct answer Food/nutrition Medicines Surgery/Procedures Technology Education Personal Hygiene Exercise/Physical Therapy Medical Devices What happens during a PCR reaction? - correct answer The temperature in the PCR cycler starts at about 94-96℉. The DNA starts to denature or separate into single strands. The temperature drops to 50-65℉. This allows primers to anneal to complementary dNTP sequences. The temperature is raised to 72℉ and Taq polymerase attaches to the priming sites and synthesizes a new strand of DNA. Why is PCR used in DNA sequencing? - correct answer PCR is used in DNA sequencing because it is a cost efficient way to make many copies of a strand of DNA in a short amount of time. Why is it difficult to identify bacteria through traditional methods? - correct answer Traditional methods of bacterial identification rely on phenotypic identification of the organism using gram staining, culture and biochemical methods. These methods of bacterial identification have two major drawbacks. First, they can be used only for organisms that can be cultivated in vitro. Second, some strains exhibit unique biochemical characteristics that do not fit into patterns that have been used as a characteristic of any known genus and species. What happens when the enzyme that was conjugated with the secondary antibody is attached with a substrate during the ELISA test? - correct answer The enzyme catalyzes oxidation of the substrate, inducing a color change. When performing an ELISA test, which substances attach to the foreign antigen to ultimately produce a color change? - correct answer Primary antibody, secondary antibody, enzyme, substrate What does a darker color indicate when performing an ELISA test? - correct answer strong presence/ concentration of infection Why are fluorescent markers useful for nucleotide sequencing? - correct answer DNA sequencing involves determining the nucleotide order of a segment of DNA. Fluorescent markers identify each nucleotide, A, T, C, and G, therefore allowing us to identify the order and potential find abnormal sections or SNPs. What does meningitis affect? - correct answer Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. The meninges is the collective name for the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), called the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. What are the structures of the ear and how do they function? - correct answer (Outer) 1)Pinna- The pinna is responsible for directing sound into the ear canal and protecting the eardrum. 2)Auditory canal- Tube that connects the pinna to the eardrum funneling sound down the ear and also protecting the eardrum. (Middle) 1)Ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)- The ossicles mainly amplify sound by leveling the external and internal ear forces. 2)Tympanic membrane (eardrum)- The eardrum transmits sound from outside to the middle ear and then to the cochlea. (Inner) 1)Eustachian tube- The eustachian tube controls air pressure in the ear drum. 2)Cochlea- Is responsible for transferring the vibrations into nerve signals to the brain so it can interpret sound and allow one to hear the sound. 3)Sensory hair cells- Hair cells are the receptors that sense vibration to allow the ear to transmit vibrations into neural signals 4)Cochlear nerve- The nerve responsible for carrying auditory sensory information from the cochlea to the brain. 5)Oval Window- The opening that connects the inner ear to the middle ear. 6)Vestibule- Sensory device that senses head movement and controls balance. 7)Vestibular nerve- Nerve sending signals from the vestibule to the brain so it can interpret the signal. What does the cochlear implant do for the ear? - correct answer A cochlear implant is an electronic medical device that replaces the function of the damaged inner ear. Unlike hearing aids, which make sounds louder, cochlear implants do the work of damaged parts of the inner ear (cochlea) to provide sound signals to the brain. What are the steps of recombinant DNA production? - correct answer 1)Isolate DNA: The first step in making recombinant DNA is to isolate donor and vector DNA. 2)Cut DNA: The breakthrough that made recombinant DNA technology possible was the discovery and characterization of restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are produced by bacteria as a defense mechanism against phages. The enzymes act like scissors, cutting up the DNA of the phage and thereby inactivating it. 3)Join DNA: Most commonly, both donor DNA and vector DNA are digested with the use of a restriction enzyme that produces sticky ends and then mixed in a test tube to allow the sticky ends of vector and donor DNA to bind to each other and form recombinant molecules. What technique is the most accurate way to determine the identity of a pathogen? - correct answer The most accurate way would be to use the BLAST database and follow up with an ELISA test. If a bacteria does not grow in a petri dish with an antibiotic in the agar, what is the most probably explanation? - correct answer The antibiotic worked effectively to stop bacterial growth What is the difference between and epidemic and an outbreak? - correct answer An outbreak is the sudden occurrence of a disease in a community, which has never experienced the disease before or when cases of that disease occur in numbers greater than expected in a defined area. An epidemic is an occurrence of a group of illnesses of similar nature and derived from a common source, in excess of what would be normally expected in a community or region. What is a mechanism bacteria use to resist the effect of an antibiotic? - correct answer Exposure to antibiotics therefore provides selective pressure, which makes the surviving bacteria more likely to be resistant. In addition, bacteria that were at one time susceptible to an antibiotic can acquire resistance through mutation of their genetic material or by acquiring pieces of DNA that code for the resistance properties from other bacteria. Toxoid Vaccine MOA - correct answer a purified toxin produced by the antigen is used to elicit immune response Subunit Vaccine MOA - correct answer presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise. One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus and administering this by itself. Attenuated Vaccine MOA - correct answer weakened virus; longer lasting and require fewer boosters; can mutate back to the pathogenic strains naked DNA vaccine MOA - correct answer consist of DNA that is administered directly into the body; the DNA is mixed with molecules that facilitate its uptake by the body's cells; contain all of or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to infect a recipient's cell Killed virus vaccine MOA - correct answer contain recognizable antigens on their surface; the disease causing microbe is killed, but there is enough to activate a weaker immune system. What is active immunity? - correct answer the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen What is Passive immunity? - correct answer the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. What disease did Sue Smith have? - correct answer Sue had bacterial meningitis.