EQUIPMENTS AND SUPPLIES 1. Gravimetric
- Weight of distilled water delivered using an analytical
Calibration balance; most accurate
TYPES OF GLASS MATERIAL (similar to - Calibration temperature: 20oC
- Primarily characterized in terms of thermal and chemical resistance volumetric 2. Spectrophotometric
1. Borosilicate - Tolerates heating and sterilization for lengthy periods glasswares) - Absorbance of colored solution delivered
(silica-containing) - May cloud with strong alkali and is subject to - Examples of colored solution: Potassium dichromate or
scratching para-nitrophenol
- Most common brand: Pyrex; Other: Kimax
2. Aluminosilicate - Has higher silica content than Borosilicate; 6x
(silica-containing) stronger than borosilicate SEMI-AUTOMATIC MICROPIPETTORS
- Better able to resist scratching and alkali attack Air-Displacement Pipettes Positive-Displacement Pipettes
- Most common brand: Corex - Always have air cushion (dead - Piston is in direct contact with the
3. Soft glass - Low thermal resistance (cannot be subjected to volume) between the pipette piston sample, therefore, there is no air cushion
(Boron-free glass) heating) and the liquid sample and the aspiration force remains
constant
- Can be used with strong acids and alkali
- The piston is integrated into the - The disposable piston is part of the tip
4. Flint glass - Most inexpensive (cheapest); commonly used to lower part of the pipette. When the (along with piston seal and disposable
(Soda lime glass) manufacture disposables
push button is pressed, air is capillary). As the push button is
- Made of the oxides of silicon, calcium, and sodium displaced by the piston. The released, the piston moves up and the
- Disadvantage: releases alkali causing errors in volume of air displaced is ambient pressure forces the desired
certain determinations equivalent to the volume of liquid volume of liquid through the orifice into
5. Low actinic glass - Reduces light transmission aspirated. the capillary.
(Amber-colored/ - Used to contain photosensitive substances - Recommended for aqueous - Recommended for very viscous or high
coated glass) samples and for general laboratory density samples such as glycerol and
*silica: provides high thermal resistance or heat tolerance work. blood and other problem samples e.g.
volatile, radioactive, corrosive, hot and
TYPES OF PLASTIC MATERIALS cold samples
Primarily characterized in terms of thermal and chemical resistance
1. Teflon - Most excellent temperature tolerance and
Polytetrafluoroethylene unparalleled chemical resistance
2. Polypropylene - Resistant to most chemicals
Can be autoclaved
- Used for pipet tips, test tubes
3. Polycarbonate - Clear; stronger than polypropylene
(resistant to shattering) and has better
temperature tolerance
- Chemical resistance is not as good
- Used for centrifuge tubes and graduated
cylinders
4. Polyethylene - Resistant to most chemicals (except
Cannot be autoclaved
concentrated acids)
- Used for disposable transfer pipets, test
tubes, bottles
5. Polystyrene - Rigid, clear; used for test tubes, graduated
tubes
6. Polyvinyl chloride - Soft and flexible but porous
- Frequently used as tubing
CENTRIFUGES
glass pipettes
1. Horizontal or Swinging bucket
calibration - Tubes attain a horizontal position during spinning and a
pipet type design use
marks vertical position when at rest
1. volumetric single calibration nonviscous - Capable of speeds up to about 3000 rpm (limited by heat
(most td/sd mark samples; buildup due to air friction)
accurate) transfer standards
pipets - Flat, tightly packed sediment
2. ostwald- viscous fluids
td/bo 2. Fixed-angle or angle-head
folin
graduations down - Tubes are at fixed angle when rotating
3. serologic graduated serial dilution;
or
td/bo to tip measuring - Capable of higher speeds with much less heat build-up
4. mohr measuring graduations reagents - Capable of speeds up to 7,000 rpm or 9,000 g (RCF)
pipets td/sd - Sediment is slanted
between two marks Types
additional: - Disadvantage: not recommended for procedures which
require decantation
- to contain = hold but do not deliver the volume they contain because of the 3. Ultracentrifuge
tendency of liquids to cling to the inside wall of the glass
- Used to separate layers of different specific gravities
- tolerance value is proportional to capacity and inversely proportional to
accuracy - Usually refrigerated to counter the heat produced due to
friction
- transfer pipet = only 1 calibration mark; no subdivisions - Capable of speeds up to 100,000 rpm or 165,000 g (RCF)
- graduated/measuring pipet = there are subdivisions; you can measure and 4. Cytocentrifuge
deliver fractions of the capacity - Used for body fluid cell counts
- self-draining pipet (sd): contents drain by gravity; without the need of - Speed = 200-2,000 rpm (low speed centrifuge)
aspirator bulb
- Meant to increase the cell yield, especially for CSF analysis
- blow-out (bo): any amount left in the tip after drainage is blown out to the
receiving vessel; has etched rings near the mouth - rpm: revolutions per minute
- RCF (g): relative centrifugal force (gravity units)
semi-automatic micropipettors
1. air displacement
Units used - S: Svedberg unit; unit used in ultracentrifugation
- rpm to RCF = 1.118 x 10-5 x radius of centrifuge head in
- uses suction to draw sample into a disposable centimeter x rpm2
, REAGENTS TYPES OF REAGENT WATER
Characteristic Type I Type II Type III
CHEMICALS Maximum
1. Analytic Grade Reagent - High degree of purity suitable for use in most colony count <10 1,000 Not specified
(ACS) analytical procedures (CFU/mL)
2. Ultrapure Grades - Purer than ACS; for procedures which require pH Not specified Not specified 5.0-8.0
(Spectrograde, Nanograde) maximum purity and minimal interference Silicate
(mg/L SiO2) 0.05 0.1 1.0
- For specific procedures such as
chromatography (HPLC), AAS, immunoassays, Procedures that General Some qualitative
molecular diagnostics, and standardization require laboratory tests laboratory tests
techniques maximum water that do not e.g. general
purity e.g. require type I urinalysis; water
3. Chemically Pure Grade - Impurity limitations not stated
preparation of water e.g. source for
- Not acceptable for research and laboratory standards, qualitative preparation of
techniques unless further purification is carried buffers, controls, chemistry type I or type II
out or a reagent blank is included during and in procedures and water; and
Uses
analysis most procedures
quantitative washing and
4. United States - Primarily used to manufacture drugs analytical done in rinsing of
Pharmacopeia/National - Purity standards may not meet assay procedures, hematology, glassware
Formulary Grade requirements electrophoresis, immunology,
- Not recommended for routine use toxicology microbiology,
5. Technical or - Should not be used in the clinical laboratory screening tests, and other clinical
Commercial Grade - For industrial use only and HPLC test areas
REAGENT WATER LABORATORY SAFETY
1. Type I - Purest type (has been subjected to 2 or more purification
techniques such as distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, or
filtration)
1. Handwashing
- Recommended for procedures which require maximum purity and
minimal interference; for standard preparation and for other - most important means of preventing the spread of infection
procedures which require high degree of accuracy and precision - if hands are visibly soiled (directly came in contact with potentially
2. Type II - Acceptable for most laboratory procedures including reagent biohazardous substance), wash hands for 1 to 2 minutes, using soap and
preparation water
- if not visibly soiled (after removing gloves), wash hands for at least 30
3. Type III - Can be used for some qualitative tests but not for routine analyses
seconds or use alcohol-based hand cleansers
and reagent preparation
2. personal protective equipment
- Water source for the preparation of Type I or II water and for
- perform handwashing before donning
washing glassware (should be given a final rinse with either type I
or type II) - sequence of donning: gown → mask → goggles → gloves
- sequence of doffing: gloves → goggles → gown → mask
3. decontamination of body fluid spills
- use 5.25% sodium hypochlorite or 10% bleach (1:10 dilution; 1-part
household bleach + 9 parts water)
- contact time of at least 20 minutes (also applies to the decontamination
of glasswares used for procedures involving biohazardous substances or
body fluids)
o hbv: inactivated after 10 minutes
o hiv: inactivated after 2 minutes
4. biological safety cabinet
class description use
i - air passes through 1 hepa (high efficiency particulate air) filter before - minimal personnel protection and environmental
being exhausted protection.
- open front - doesn’t protect work surface (air that enters the
work surface is unfiltered)
ii - air passes through 2 hepa filters - most commonly used in micro labs; provides
- a1 protection for both worker and work
o 70% of air is recirculated, 30% exhausted into the room
o 75 lfm
- a2
o recommended bsc class for covid-19 rt-pcr testing
o same as a1 but with higher intake air velocity (100 linear feet per
minute or lfm)
- b1
o 30% recirculated, 70% exhausted
o hard ducted (air expelled outside the building)
- b2
o 100% exhausted to the outside of the building (hard ducted)
iii - completely enclosed with glove ports; no opening; gas tight chamber - for extremely hazardous organisms
- equipped with negative pressure - recommended for bsl 4 organisms (for extremely
- 3 hepa or ulpa filters hazardous organisms); for culture and isolation of
- hepa filter: has 99.97% efficiency (at 0.3 microns) sars-cov-2
- ulpa: ultra low penetration air; has 99.99% efficiency (at 0.12
microns)
,- msds (material safety data sheets) - non-ionizing forms of radiation emitted by equipment
o must be available for reference by the staff - non-ionizing radiation: less hazardous than ionizing radiation (ex. x-rays and
o major source of safety information for employees who may use hazardous gamma rays)
materials in their occupations
o contain everything you need to know about a chemical reagent type wavelength example
▪ product name and identification ultraviolet germicidal lamps used in biologic safety
<400nm
▪ hazardous ingredients cabinets
▪ permissible exposure limit visible general illumination
400-700nm
▪ physical and chemical data spectrum
▪ health hazard data and carcinogenic potential infrared >700nm heat lamps, lasers
▪ primary routes of entry microwaves microwave energy beam used to accelerate
▪ fire and explosion hazards 3 um – 3mm
tissue staining
▪ reactivity data low radiofrequency coil in icp-ms (inductively-
▪ spill and disposal procedures >1 cm
frequency coupled plasma – mass spectrometry)
▪ ppe recommendations
▪ handling
▪ emergency and first aid procedures
▪ storage and transportation precautions
▪ chemical manufacturer’s name, address, and telephone number
▪ special information section
chemical storage requirements
substance stored separately
flammable liquids flammable solids
mineral acids organic acids
caustics oxidizers color coding scheme for health care wastes
perchloric acid water-reactive substances type of waste color of container/bag
air-reactive substances all other chemicals 1. non-infectious dry waste black
heat-reactive substances requiring refrigeration 2. noninfectious wet waste green
- tlv (threshold limit value) 3. infectious and pathological wastes yellow
o allowable exposure value during an 8-hour shift 4. chemical and pharmaceutical wastes yellow with black band
o inversely proportional to toxicity 5. radioactive wastes orange
o ↑ toxicity = ↓ tlv 6. sharps and pressurized containers red
- nfpa (national fire protection agency)
o standard hazards identification scheme
combustible
class examples extinguishers
materials
pressurized water (a)
ordinary wood, paper, cloth, foam
a
combustibles rubber, etc. dry chemical
(multipurpose; abc powder)
foam
flammable
grease, oil, paint, dry chemical (abc)
b liquids and
solvents, gasoline carbon dioxide (bc)
gases halon
dry chemical (abc)
carbon dioxide (bc) (also
good for extinguishing
electrical electrical panel, computers because it does
c
equipment motor, wiring, etc. not leave residue)
halon
(recommended for
computers)
combustible magnesium, special dry chemical
d
metals aluminum, etc. sand
cooking oils, animal wet chemical
k oil, grease fats, vegetable oils (saponifying agents)
- actions to take in the event of fire:
o rescue, alarm, confine/contain, extinguish/evacuate
- correct use of fire extinguishers:
DEGREES OF HAZARD (GENERAL)
o pull pin, aim hose/nozzle, squeeze handle, sweep from side to side
0 Non-hazardous
1 Slightly hazardous
2 Moderately hazardous
3 Seriously hazardous
4 Extremely hazardous
, LABORATORY MATHEMATICS
applications:
1. calculation used in reagent preparation to determine the molarity of solution given 𝑚𝑜𝑙 g/𝐿
m or =
2. converting values from conventional to si unit and vice versa the w/v (g/l): 𝐿 𝑀𝖶
to determine the normality of solution given n or
𝐸𝑞 g/𝐿
=
𝐿 𝐸𝖶
the w/v (g/l):
𝑀𝖶
selected si and non-si units ew =
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
base quantity name symbol to determine the molarity of solution given m = 𝑁; n > m
length meter m the normality: 𝑉
mass kilogram kg
time second s n > m: valence is greater than
electric current ampere a or equal to 2
n=m: valence is equal to one
thermodynamic kelvin k
to determine the normality of solution given
temperature mxv
the molarity:
amount of substance mole mol g = m x mw
to determine the w/v (g/l) given the molarity:
luminous intensity candela cd 𝐿
selected derived units to determine the w/v (g/l) given the g = n x ew
frequency hertz hz normality: 𝐿
force newton n to compute for volume or concentration of
c1v1 = c2v2
celsius temperature degree celsius oc diluted solutions:
catalytic activity katal kat
selected accepted non-si sample problems:
time, minute 60s min what is the molarity of a 1-liter solution containing 73 g hydrochloric acid?
liter (volume) 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 l
angstrom 0.1nm = 10-10m å
prefixes used with si units
factor prefix symbol
10-18 atto a
10 -15 femto f what is the molarity of a 1-liter solution containing 10 g sodium hydroxide?
10-12 pico p
10-9 nano n
10 -6 micro u
10-3 milli m
10-2 centi c what is the normality of a 1-liter solution containing 24.5 g h2so4 (sulfuric acid)? wha
10 -1 deci d is its molarity?
101 deka da
102 hector h
103 kilo k
106 mega m
109 giga g
1012 tera t
10 15 peta p
1018 exa e
what is the molarity of 0.3n h3po4?
number of moles of
Molarity 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑔) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
solute per liter (L) of what is the normality of 3 m sulfuric acid?
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 w𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
solution
number of moles of
Molality 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑔)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
solute per kilogram how many milliliters of 70% ethanol are needed to prepare 35 ml of 40%
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 w𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
(kg) of solvent ethanol?
number of equivalent
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑔)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 weights of solute per
Normality
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 w𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐿) liter (L) of solution
amount of solute per
100 total units of
% w/v % 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
solution; how much serum is needed to prepare 2 ml of a 1:10 dilution?
100
often expressed as
g/100 mL or g/dL
volume of sample
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒/𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 divided by total volume
Dilution a mixture consists of 4 parts of solution a and 6 parts of solution b. how many ml of
of solution; expression
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 solution a and b are needed to prepare a 3000 ml of the mixture?
of relative
concentration
amount of something
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 relative to another;
Ratio
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 usually expressed as
part per part
- Weight of distilled water delivered using an analytical
Calibration balance; most accurate
TYPES OF GLASS MATERIAL (similar to - Calibration temperature: 20oC
- Primarily characterized in terms of thermal and chemical resistance volumetric 2. Spectrophotometric
1. Borosilicate - Tolerates heating and sterilization for lengthy periods glasswares) - Absorbance of colored solution delivered
(silica-containing) - May cloud with strong alkali and is subject to - Examples of colored solution: Potassium dichromate or
scratching para-nitrophenol
- Most common brand: Pyrex; Other: Kimax
2. Aluminosilicate - Has higher silica content than Borosilicate; 6x
(silica-containing) stronger than borosilicate SEMI-AUTOMATIC MICROPIPETTORS
- Better able to resist scratching and alkali attack Air-Displacement Pipettes Positive-Displacement Pipettes
- Most common brand: Corex - Always have air cushion (dead - Piston is in direct contact with the
3. Soft glass - Low thermal resistance (cannot be subjected to volume) between the pipette piston sample, therefore, there is no air cushion
(Boron-free glass) heating) and the liquid sample and the aspiration force remains
constant
- Can be used with strong acids and alkali
- The piston is integrated into the - The disposable piston is part of the tip
4. Flint glass - Most inexpensive (cheapest); commonly used to lower part of the pipette. When the (along with piston seal and disposable
(Soda lime glass) manufacture disposables
push button is pressed, air is capillary). As the push button is
- Made of the oxides of silicon, calcium, and sodium displaced by the piston. The released, the piston moves up and the
- Disadvantage: releases alkali causing errors in volume of air displaced is ambient pressure forces the desired
certain determinations equivalent to the volume of liquid volume of liquid through the orifice into
5. Low actinic glass - Reduces light transmission aspirated. the capillary.
(Amber-colored/ - Used to contain photosensitive substances - Recommended for aqueous - Recommended for very viscous or high
coated glass) samples and for general laboratory density samples such as glycerol and
*silica: provides high thermal resistance or heat tolerance work. blood and other problem samples e.g.
volatile, radioactive, corrosive, hot and
TYPES OF PLASTIC MATERIALS cold samples
Primarily characterized in terms of thermal and chemical resistance
1. Teflon - Most excellent temperature tolerance and
Polytetrafluoroethylene unparalleled chemical resistance
2. Polypropylene - Resistant to most chemicals
Can be autoclaved
- Used for pipet tips, test tubes
3. Polycarbonate - Clear; stronger than polypropylene
(resistant to shattering) and has better
temperature tolerance
- Chemical resistance is not as good
- Used for centrifuge tubes and graduated
cylinders
4. Polyethylene - Resistant to most chemicals (except
Cannot be autoclaved
concentrated acids)
- Used for disposable transfer pipets, test
tubes, bottles
5. Polystyrene - Rigid, clear; used for test tubes, graduated
tubes
6. Polyvinyl chloride - Soft and flexible but porous
- Frequently used as tubing
CENTRIFUGES
glass pipettes
1. Horizontal or Swinging bucket
calibration - Tubes attain a horizontal position during spinning and a
pipet type design use
marks vertical position when at rest
1. volumetric single calibration nonviscous - Capable of speeds up to about 3000 rpm (limited by heat
(most td/sd mark samples; buildup due to air friction)
accurate) transfer standards
pipets - Flat, tightly packed sediment
2. ostwald- viscous fluids
td/bo 2. Fixed-angle or angle-head
folin
graduations down - Tubes are at fixed angle when rotating
3. serologic graduated serial dilution;
or
td/bo to tip measuring - Capable of higher speeds with much less heat build-up
4. mohr measuring graduations reagents - Capable of speeds up to 7,000 rpm or 9,000 g (RCF)
pipets td/sd - Sediment is slanted
between two marks Types
additional: - Disadvantage: not recommended for procedures which
require decantation
- to contain = hold but do not deliver the volume they contain because of the 3. Ultracentrifuge
tendency of liquids to cling to the inside wall of the glass
- Used to separate layers of different specific gravities
- tolerance value is proportional to capacity and inversely proportional to
accuracy - Usually refrigerated to counter the heat produced due to
friction
- transfer pipet = only 1 calibration mark; no subdivisions - Capable of speeds up to 100,000 rpm or 165,000 g (RCF)
- graduated/measuring pipet = there are subdivisions; you can measure and 4. Cytocentrifuge
deliver fractions of the capacity - Used for body fluid cell counts
- self-draining pipet (sd): contents drain by gravity; without the need of - Speed = 200-2,000 rpm (low speed centrifuge)
aspirator bulb
- Meant to increase the cell yield, especially for CSF analysis
- blow-out (bo): any amount left in the tip after drainage is blown out to the
receiving vessel; has etched rings near the mouth - rpm: revolutions per minute
- RCF (g): relative centrifugal force (gravity units)
semi-automatic micropipettors
1. air displacement
Units used - S: Svedberg unit; unit used in ultracentrifugation
- rpm to RCF = 1.118 x 10-5 x radius of centrifuge head in
- uses suction to draw sample into a disposable centimeter x rpm2
, REAGENTS TYPES OF REAGENT WATER
Characteristic Type I Type II Type III
CHEMICALS Maximum
1. Analytic Grade Reagent - High degree of purity suitable for use in most colony count <10 1,000 Not specified
(ACS) analytical procedures (CFU/mL)
2. Ultrapure Grades - Purer than ACS; for procedures which require pH Not specified Not specified 5.0-8.0
(Spectrograde, Nanograde) maximum purity and minimal interference Silicate
(mg/L SiO2) 0.05 0.1 1.0
- For specific procedures such as
chromatography (HPLC), AAS, immunoassays, Procedures that General Some qualitative
molecular diagnostics, and standardization require laboratory tests laboratory tests
techniques maximum water that do not e.g. general
purity e.g. require type I urinalysis; water
3. Chemically Pure Grade - Impurity limitations not stated
preparation of water e.g. source for
- Not acceptable for research and laboratory standards, qualitative preparation of
techniques unless further purification is carried buffers, controls, chemistry type I or type II
out or a reagent blank is included during and in procedures and water; and
Uses
analysis most procedures
quantitative washing and
4. United States - Primarily used to manufacture drugs analytical done in rinsing of
Pharmacopeia/National - Purity standards may not meet assay procedures, hematology, glassware
Formulary Grade requirements electrophoresis, immunology,
- Not recommended for routine use toxicology microbiology,
5. Technical or - Should not be used in the clinical laboratory screening tests, and other clinical
Commercial Grade - For industrial use only and HPLC test areas
REAGENT WATER LABORATORY SAFETY
1. Type I - Purest type (has been subjected to 2 or more purification
techniques such as distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, or
filtration)
1. Handwashing
- Recommended for procedures which require maximum purity and
minimal interference; for standard preparation and for other - most important means of preventing the spread of infection
procedures which require high degree of accuracy and precision - if hands are visibly soiled (directly came in contact with potentially
2. Type II - Acceptable for most laboratory procedures including reagent biohazardous substance), wash hands for 1 to 2 minutes, using soap and
preparation water
- if not visibly soiled (after removing gloves), wash hands for at least 30
3. Type III - Can be used for some qualitative tests but not for routine analyses
seconds or use alcohol-based hand cleansers
and reagent preparation
2. personal protective equipment
- Water source for the preparation of Type I or II water and for
- perform handwashing before donning
washing glassware (should be given a final rinse with either type I
or type II) - sequence of donning: gown → mask → goggles → gloves
- sequence of doffing: gloves → goggles → gown → mask
3. decontamination of body fluid spills
- use 5.25% sodium hypochlorite or 10% bleach (1:10 dilution; 1-part
household bleach + 9 parts water)
- contact time of at least 20 minutes (also applies to the decontamination
of glasswares used for procedures involving biohazardous substances or
body fluids)
o hbv: inactivated after 10 minutes
o hiv: inactivated after 2 minutes
4. biological safety cabinet
class description use
i - air passes through 1 hepa (high efficiency particulate air) filter before - minimal personnel protection and environmental
being exhausted protection.
- open front - doesn’t protect work surface (air that enters the
work surface is unfiltered)
ii - air passes through 2 hepa filters - most commonly used in micro labs; provides
- a1 protection for both worker and work
o 70% of air is recirculated, 30% exhausted into the room
o 75 lfm
- a2
o recommended bsc class for covid-19 rt-pcr testing
o same as a1 but with higher intake air velocity (100 linear feet per
minute or lfm)
- b1
o 30% recirculated, 70% exhausted
o hard ducted (air expelled outside the building)
- b2
o 100% exhausted to the outside of the building (hard ducted)
iii - completely enclosed with glove ports; no opening; gas tight chamber - for extremely hazardous organisms
- equipped with negative pressure - recommended for bsl 4 organisms (for extremely
- 3 hepa or ulpa filters hazardous organisms); for culture and isolation of
- hepa filter: has 99.97% efficiency (at 0.3 microns) sars-cov-2
- ulpa: ultra low penetration air; has 99.99% efficiency (at 0.12
microns)
,- msds (material safety data sheets) - non-ionizing forms of radiation emitted by equipment
o must be available for reference by the staff - non-ionizing radiation: less hazardous than ionizing radiation (ex. x-rays and
o major source of safety information for employees who may use hazardous gamma rays)
materials in their occupations
o contain everything you need to know about a chemical reagent type wavelength example
▪ product name and identification ultraviolet germicidal lamps used in biologic safety
<400nm
▪ hazardous ingredients cabinets
▪ permissible exposure limit visible general illumination
400-700nm
▪ physical and chemical data spectrum
▪ health hazard data and carcinogenic potential infrared >700nm heat lamps, lasers
▪ primary routes of entry microwaves microwave energy beam used to accelerate
▪ fire and explosion hazards 3 um – 3mm
tissue staining
▪ reactivity data low radiofrequency coil in icp-ms (inductively-
▪ spill and disposal procedures >1 cm
frequency coupled plasma – mass spectrometry)
▪ ppe recommendations
▪ handling
▪ emergency and first aid procedures
▪ storage and transportation precautions
▪ chemical manufacturer’s name, address, and telephone number
▪ special information section
chemical storage requirements
substance stored separately
flammable liquids flammable solids
mineral acids organic acids
caustics oxidizers color coding scheme for health care wastes
perchloric acid water-reactive substances type of waste color of container/bag
air-reactive substances all other chemicals 1. non-infectious dry waste black
heat-reactive substances requiring refrigeration 2. noninfectious wet waste green
- tlv (threshold limit value) 3. infectious and pathological wastes yellow
o allowable exposure value during an 8-hour shift 4. chemical and pharmaceutical wastes yellow with black band
o inversely proportional to toxicity 5. radioactive wastes orange
o ↑ toxicity = ↓ tlv 6. sharps and pressurized containers red
- nfpa (national fire protection agency)
o standard hazards identification scheme
combustible
class examples extinguishers
materials
pressurized water (a)
ordinary wood, paper, cloth, foam
a
combustibles rubber, etc. dry chemical
(multipurpose; abc powder)
foam
flammable
grease, oil, paint, dry chemical (abc)
b liquids and
solvents, gasoline carbon dioxide (bc)
gases halon
dry chemical (abc)
carbon dioxide (bc) (also
good for extinguishing
electrical electrical panel, computers because it does
c
equipment motor, wiring, etc. not leave residue)
halon
(recommended for
computers)
combustible magnesium, special dry chemical
d
metals aluminum, etc. sand
cooking oils, animal wet chemical
k oil, grease fats, vegetable oils (saponifying agents)
- actions to take in the event of fire:
o rescue, alarm, confine/contain, extinguish/evacuate
- correct use of fire extinguishers:
DEGREES OF HAZARD (GENERAL)
o pull pin, aim hose/nozzle, squeeze handle, sweep from side to side
0 Non-hazardous
1 Slightly hazardous
2 Moderately hazardous
3 Seriously hazardous
4 Extremely hazardous
, LABORATORY MATHEMATICS
applications:
1. calculation used in reagent preparation to determine the molarity of solution given 𝑚𝑜𝑙 g/𝐿
m or =
2. converting values from conventional to si unit and vice versa the w/v (g/l): 𝐿 𝑀𝖶
to determine the normality of solution given n or
𝐸𝑞 g/𝐿
=
𝐿 𝐸𝖶
the w/v (g/l):
𝑀𝖶
selected si and non-si units ew =
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
base quantity name symbol to determine the molarity of solution given m = 𝑁; n > m
length meter m the normality: 𝑉
mass kilogram kg
time second s n > m: valence is greater than
electric current ampere a or equal to 2
n=m: valence is equal to one
thermodynamic kelvin k
to determine the normality of solution given
temperature mxv
the molarity:
amount of substance mole mol g = m x mw
to determine the w/v (g/l) given the molarity:
luminous intensity candela cd 𝐿
selected derived units to determine the w/v (g/l) given the g = n x ew
frequency hertz hz normality: 𝐿
force newton n to compute for volume or concentration of
c1v1 = c2v2
celsius temperature degree celsius oc diluted solutions:
catalytic activity katal kat
selected accepted non-si sample problems:
time, minute 60s min what is the molarity of a 1-liter solution containing 73 g hydrochloric acid?
liter (volume) 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 l
angstrom 0.1nm = 10-10m å
prefixes used with si units
factor prefix symbol
10-18 atto a
10 -15 femto f what is the molarity of a 1-liter solution containing 10 g sodium hydroxide?
10-12 pico p
10-9 nano n
10 -6 micro u
10-3 milli m
10-2 centi c what is the normality of a 1-liter solution containing 24.5 g h2so4 (sulfuric acid)? wha
10 -1 deci d is its molarity?
101 deka da
102 hector h
103 kilo k
106 mega m
109 giga g
1012 tera t
10 15 peta p
1018 exa e
what is the molarity of 0.3n h3po4?
number of moles of
Molarity 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑔) 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
solute per liter (L) of what is the normality of 3 m sulfuric acid?
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 w𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
solution
number of moles of
Molality 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑔)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
solute per kilogram how many milliliters of 70% ethanol are needed to prepare 35 ml of 40%
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 w𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
(kg) of solvent ethanol?
number of equivalent
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑔)𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 weights of solute per
Normality
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 w𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐿) liter (L) of solution
amount of solute per
100 total units of
% w/v % 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
solution; how much serum is needed to prepare 2 ml of a 1:10 dilution?
100
often expressed as
g/100 mL or g/dL
volume of sample
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒/𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 divided by total volume
Dilution a mixture consists of 4 parts of solution a and 6 parts of solution b. how many ml of
of solution; expression
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 solution a and b are needed to prepare a 3000 ml of the mixture?
of relative
concentration
amount of something
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 relative to another;
Ratio
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 usually expressed as
part per part
