Exam 2 CCI
HTN prevention - Answer-Remain in healthy weight range
Restrict salt intake
No smoking
Exercise 30 mins day/5 days a week
HTN detection - Answer-Usually asymptomatic, but once severe can cause:
Fatigue
Palpitations
Dyspnea
HTN diagnosis - Answer-Measurement of BP is essential in assessing and monitoring hypertension
Basic laboratory studies may be done to:
1. Identify or rule out causes of secondary hypertension
2. Evaluate target organ disease
3. Determine overall cardiovascular risk
4. Establish baseline levels before starting therapy
Screen for renal involvement:
Routine urinalysis
BUN
,Serum Creatinine
Reflects glomerular filtration rate
Decreases in creatinine clearance indicate renal insufficiency
CBC
Basic metabolic panel
Serum Lipid profile
Serum uric acid, calcium, and magnesium
12 lead ECG
Fasting blood glucose
History and physical examination (Including an ophthalmic examination)
Optional
24 hour urinary creatinine clearance
Echocardiography
Liver function studies
Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Coronary Artery disease prevention - Answer-Reduce alcohol consumption
Exercise
Stress management
Smoking cessation
Reduce salt intake
Coronary artery disease Detection - Answer-Atherosclerosis
Damage to endothelial lining
CRP levels are high
,Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Coronary artery disease diagnosis - Answer-12-lead ECG
Lab studies: cardiac biomarkers (Troponin), lipid profile, CRP
Chest x-ray
Echocardiogram
Exercise stress test
Electron beam computed tomography
Coronary computed tomography angiography
Cardiac catheterization- "gold standard" to identify and localize CAD
Visualizes blockages
Open blockages
Percutaneous coronary Intervention
Balloon angioplasty
Intracoronary stents
bare metal stent (BMS)
Drug eluting stent- prevent neointimal hyperplasia
Angina Prevention - Answer-Smoking cessation
Avoid temperature extremes
Stress management
Avoid heavy meals
Avoid stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines
, Angina Detection - Answer-Asymptomatic results in chronic stable chest pain (angina)
Chest pain
Angina Diagnosis - Answer-12-lead ECG
Lab studies: cardiac biomarkers (Troponin), lipid profile, CRP
Chest x-ray
Echocardiogram
Exercise stress test
Electron beam computed tomography
Coronary computed tomography angiography
Cardia catherization (Angina diagnosis) - Answer-"gold standard" to identify and localize CAD
Visualizes blockages
Open blockages
Percutaneous coronary Intervention
Balloon angioplasty
Intracoronary stents
bare metal stent (BMS)
Drug eluting stent- prevent neointimal hyperplasia
Surgical procedure for angina - Answer-Stent placement procedure and post procedure drugs
Used to prevent platelet aggregation and acute stent thrombosis
During PCI: unfractionated heparin or low weight heparin, a direct thrombin inhibitor or glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibitor
After PCI: dual antiplatelet therapy
aspirin and ticagrelor or clopidogrel
HTN prevention - Answer-Remain in healthy weight range
Restrict salt intake
No smoking
Exercise 30 mins day/5 days a week
HTN detection - Answer-Usually asymptomatic, but once severe can cause:
Fatigue
Palpitations
Dyspnea
HTN diagnosis - Answer-Measurement of BP is essential in assessing and monitoring hypertension
Basic laboratory studies may be done to:
1. Identify or rule out causes of secondary hypertension
2. Evaluate target organ disease
3. Determine overall cardiovascular risk
4. Establish baseline levels before starting therapy
Screen for renal involvement:
Routine urinalysis
BUN
,Serum Creatinine
Reflects glomerular filtration rate
Decreases in creatinine clearance indicate renal insufficiency
CBC
Basic metabolic panel
Serum Lipid profile
Serum uric acid, calcium, and magnesium
12 lead ECG
Fasting blood glucose
History and physical examination (Including an ophthalmic examination)
Optional
24 hour urinary creatinine clearance
Echocardiography
Liver function studies
Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Coronary Artery disease prevention - Answer-Reduce alcohol consumption
Exercise
Stress management
Smoking cessation
Reduce salt intake
Coronary artery disease Detection - Answer-Atherosclerosis
Damage to endothelial lining
CRP levels are high
,Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Coronary artery disease diagnosis - Answer-12-lead ECG
Lab studies: cardiac biomarkers (Troponin), lipid profile, CRP
Chest x-ray
Echocardiogram
Exercise stress test
Electron beam computed tomography
Coronary computed tomography angiography
Cardiac catheterization- "gold standard" to identify and localize CAD
Visualizes blockages
Open blockages
Percutaneous coronary Intervention
Balloon angioplasty
Intracoronary stents
bare metal stent (BMS)
Drug eluting stent- prevent neointimal hyperplasia
Angina Prevention - Answer-Smoking cessation
Avoid temperature extremes
Stress management
Avoid heavy meals
Avoid stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines
, Angina Detection - Answer-Asymptomatic results in chronic stable chest pain (angina)
Chest pain
Angina Diagnosis - Answer-12-lead ECG
Lab studies: cardiac biomarkers (Troponin), lipid profile, CRP
Chest x-ray
Echocardiogram
Exercise stress test
Electron beam computed tomography
Coronary computed tomography angiography
Cardia catherization (Angina diagnosis) - Answer-"gold standard" to identify and localize CAD
Visualizes blockages
Open blockages
Percutaneous coronary Intervention
Balloon angioplasty
Intracoronary stents
bare metal stent (BMS)
Drug eluting stent- prevent neointimal hyperplasia
Surgical procedure for angina - Answer-Stent placement procedure and post procedure drugs
Used to prevent platelet aggregation and acute stent thrombosis
During PCI: unfractionated heparin or low weight heparin, a direct thrombin inhibitor or glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibitor
After PCI: dual antiplatelet therapy
aspirin and ticagrelor or clopidogrel
