UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADV PATHO FINAL PAPER
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔dysplasia - ✔✔abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature
cells; usually d/t swelling (deranged cellular growth within a specific tissue); classic
precursor to cervical cancer
✔✔metaplasia - ✔✔"to change;" reversible replacement of one mature cell by another,
often less differentiated cell type; ex. cervical changes after delivery; squamous
metaplasia in lungs of smokers
✔✔neoplasia - ✔✔"new growth;" process starts w/ cell transformation; disorganized,
uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous
✔✔neoplasm - ✔✔new growth (tumor)
✔✔benign tumors - ✔✔Grow slowly
Well-defined capsule
Not invasive
Well differentiated
Low mitotic index
Do not metastasize
✔✔malignant tumor - ✔✔Grow rapidly
NOT encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
CAN metastasis
✔✔carcinoma - ✔✔a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
✔✔lymphoma - ✔✔malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
✔✔leukemia - ✔✔cancer of the blood
✔✔Staging describes: - ✔✔the extent of spread
✔✔Grading describes: - ✔✔the degree of cell differentiation
✔✔osmosis - ✔✔fluid moves from high to low water concentration
✔✔ Seven specialized cellular functions: - ✔✔movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
, ✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the
egg yolk)
✔✔Ribosomes - ✔✔RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for transportation and
secretion
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ✔✔specializes in the synthesis and transport of the
protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles (memory factory)
✔✔Golgi complex - ✔✔Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles
and transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in cytoplasm; traffic cop- what
goes in and out of cytoplasm)
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove
wastes, digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest cell contents;
autodigestion occurs in starvation
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids into ATP; to keep
the cell alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of the cell; have cilia to
move it on out
✔✔Characteristics of plasma membrane - ✔✔made up of lipids and proteins; the basic
component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible for the structural integrity
of the membrane
✔✔The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across
the plasma membrane - ✔✔Phospholipid layer
✔✔Prokaryote - ✔✔unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles
(include cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia)
✔✔Eukaryote - ✔✔organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/
intracellular anatomy
✔✔cellular receptors - ✔✔protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the
cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules
called ligands
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔dysplasia - ✔✔abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature
cells; usually d/t swelling (deranged cellular growth within a specific tissue); classic
precursor to cervical cancer
✔✔metaplasia - ✔✔"to change;" reversible replacement of one mature cell by another,
often less differentiated cell type; ex. cervical changes after delivery; squamous
metaplasia in lungs of smokers
✔✔neoplasia - ✔✔"new growth;" process starts w/ cell transformation; disorganized,
uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous
✔✔neoplasm - ✔✔new growth (tumor)
✔✔benign tumors - ✔✔Grow slowly
Well-defined capsule
Not invasive
Well differentiated
Low mitotic index
Do not metastasize
✔✔malignant tumor - ✔✔Grow rapidly
NOT encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
CAN metastasis
✔✔carcinoma - ✔✔a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
✔✔lymphoma - ✔✔malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
✔✔leukemia - ✔✔cancer of the blood
✔✔Staging describes: - ✔✔the extent of spread
✔✔Grading describes: - ✔✔the degree of cell differentiation
✔✔osmosis - ✔✔fluid moves from high to low water concentration
✔✔ Seven specialized cellular functions: - ✔✔movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
, ✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the
egg yolk)
✔✔Ribosomes - ✔✔RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for transportation and
secretion
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ✔✔specializes in the synthesis and transport of the
protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles (memory factory)
✔✔Golgi complex - ✔✔Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles
and transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in cytoplasm; traffic cop- what
goes in and out of cytoplasm)
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove
wastes, digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest cell contents;
autodigestion occurs in starvation
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids into ATP; to keep
the cell alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of the cell; have cilia to
move it on out
✔✔Characteristics of plasma membrane - ✔✔made up of lipids and proteins; the basic
component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible for the structural integrity
of the membrane
✔✔The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across
the plasma membrane - ✔✔Phospholipid layer
✔✔Prokaryote - ✔✔unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles
(include cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia)
✔✔Eukaryote - ✔✔organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/
intracellular anatomy
✔✔cellular receptors - ✔✔protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the
cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules
called ligands
