Exp Design Exam 2 Questions and
answers 2025
experimenter .bias .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Andy .swore .a .lot, .a .bad .habit .he
.hoped .to .kick. .His .wife, .Betty, .recently .graduated .with .a .degree .in .behavior
.therapy. .She .suggested .that .Andy .record .every .time .he .used .profanity
.throughout .the .day .by .transferring .small .beads .from .one .pocket .to .another,
.and .then .counting .all .the .beads .transferred .at .the .end .of .the .day. ."Do .this .for
.the .first .week," .she .said, ."and .we'll .see .how .often .you .typically .swear." ."Then,
.the .next .week .continue .counting, .but .we'll .add .a .new .twist: .I .will .only .cook
.dinner .on .days .when .you .have .swore .50% .less .than .your .average .daily .count
.in .the .first .week." .Andy, .who .had .never .been .supportive .of .his .wife's .choice .of
.profession, .was .convinced .that .this .was .not .going .to .work. .In .fact, .he .was
.extra .vigilant .during .that .second .week .just .to .make .sure .he .didn't .miss .any
.opportunity .to .catch .himself .being .profane. .Sure .enough, .his .daily .rate .of
.swearing .remained .constant .throughout .the .two .weeks .despite .missing .dinner
.every .night .during .that .second .week.
History .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Jennifer .was .enrolled .in .a .behavioral .psychology
.course .at .university. .Her .professor .had .recently .discussed .respondent
.conditioning. .While .looking .over .her .notes, .she .wondered .if .single .trial
.learning .was .possible. .Jennifer .decided .to .test .this .possibility .with .her .dog.
.While .she .had .her .dog's .attention, .she .softly .whistled; .the .dog .did .not .respond
.in .any .noticeable .way .on .this .first .test. .Five .minutes .later, .she .softly .whistled
.again .and .then .immediately .clapped .her .hands .very .loudly, .which .startled .her
.dog. .Five .minutes .after .that, .she .softly .whistled .yet .again, .and .now, .on .this
.second .test, .the .soft .whistle .was .sufficient .to .startle .her .dog. .She .concluded
.that .respondent .conditioning .had .occurred .due .to .the .single .trial .pairing .of .the
.soft .whistle .and .the .loud .clap.
repeated .testing .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Jack .had .a .bad .habit .of .biting .his .nails.
.Having .had .some .training .in .psychology, .he .felt .confident .to .conduct .a .self-
experiment. .First, .he .needed .to .know .how .often .he .typically .bit .his .nails .as .a
.comparison .measure. .Every .day .for .a .week, .each .time .he .caught .himself .doing
.so, .he .made .a .tick .mark .in .a .small .daily .calendar .he .kept .in .his .pocket
.(Baseline). .At .the .end .of .the .week, .he .tallied .the .tick .marks .and .was .surprised
.to .find .that .the .problem .was .even .worse .than .he .thought: .he .bit .his .nails
.about .a .hundred .times .a .day! .Then, .while .continuing .to .monitor .himself, .he
,.started .a .week .long .self-punishment .program .(Treatment). .Whenever .he .found
.himself .in .the .middle .of .biting .his .nails, .he .snapped .an .elastic .band .around .his
.wrist. .He .tried .to .schedule .things .so .that .no .other .significant .changes .in .his
.life .coincided .with .the .start .of .his .treatment .program. .To .see .the .data .that .he
.plotted, .click .here. .Jack .concluded .from .looking .at .this .graph .that .his .self-
punishment .procedure .was .effective.
regression .toward .the .mean .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Martha .had .been .getting
.migraines .for .years, .with .the .last .couple .of .weeks .being .extremely .bad. .Up
.until .this .point .she .had .ignored .her .doctor's .advice .to .perform .daily .relaxation
.exercises, .but .it .was .now .or .never. .So .she .religiously .followed .his .instructions
.on .how .to .do .them .for .an .entire .week, .and, .much .to .her .pleasant .surprise, .the
.frequency .and .severity .of .her .migraines .declined. .As .a .test, .she .stopped .the
.regiment .for .the .next .week .and .her .headaches .worsened, .although .not .to .the
.same .extent .as .during .those .first .two .horrible .weeks. .Finally, .she .resumed .her
.relaxation .exercise .program, .and .once .again .her .condition .seemed .to .improve.
.At .the .end .of .the .month, .she .was .elated .and .reported .to .her .doctor .that .daily
.relaxation .exercises .did .indeed .make .a .difference.
history .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .managers .of .two .apartment .buildings .in .the
.same .city .with .electrical .heating .were .concerned .about .the .electricity
.consumption .of .the .residents. .Electricity .was .included .in .the .monthly .rental
.fee. .They .decided .to .conduct .an .experiment. .First, .in .April, .they .read .each
.meter .three .times .a .week .at .the .same .time .of .day .in .both .buildings. .Then, .on
.May .1, .a .meeting .was .called .for .residents .in .Apartment .1. .They .were .told .that
.the .total .savings .earned .by .the .building, .based .on .a .comparison .to .their
.consumption .in .the .previous .month, .would .be .divided .by .the .number .of
.apartments, .and .a .cheque .for .that .amount .would .be .sent .to .each .of .them.
.Residents .in .Apartment .2 .also .had .a .meeting .on .that .same .day, .but .they .were
.told .only .of .the .ecological .benefits .of .energy .conservation. .Electricity
.consumption .in .Apartment .1 .was .15% .lower .in .May .than .in .April, .but .in
.Apartment .2 .it .remained .unchanged. .We .can .conclude .that .the .group
.contingency .was .effective .in .reducing .electricity .consumption.
experimental .mortality .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-To .assess .the .effects .of .delaying
.negative .reinforcement, .the .following .experiment .was .conducted. .Subjects
.watched .a .confederate .performing .a .task .under .coercive .conditions. .The
.confederate .winced .in .pain .in .apparent .reaction .to .continuous .electric .shock.
.Periodically, .a .light .signaled .the .subjects .to .press .a .button, .after .which .they
.were .required .to .evaluate .the .confederate's .task .performance. .The .button .press
.also .appeared .to .relieve .the .confederate's .suffering .for .10 .seconds. .For .Group
.A, .the .button .press .immediately .stopped .the .suffering; .for .Group .B, .the .button
.press .stopped .the .suffering .after .a .three .second .delay. .The .dependent
.measure .was .reaction .time .from .the .onset .of .the .signaling .light .to .the .button
.press. .University .student .volunteers .were .assigned .to .one .of .these .two .groups
.on .the .basis .of .a .coin .flip. .About .25% .of .the .subjects .in .each .group
.discontinued .their .participation .midway .through .the .experiment, .citing .ethical
.concerns. .Response .latency .for .remaining .Group .A .subjects .was .significantly
, .faster .than .for .remaining .Group .B .subjects. .We .can .conclude .that .delaying
.negative .reinforcement .prolonged .response .latency.
experimenter .bias .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Can .we .be ."primed" .to .see .someone's
.actions .in .either .a .good .or .bad .light? .Wanda .believed .so. .In .Stage .1, .her
.subjects .learned .a .task .that .introduced .them .to .various .descriptive .adjectives.
.In .Stage .2, .they .heard .stories .of .persons .performing .daring .feats, .such .as .hot
.air .ballooning .and .mountain .climbing. .Finally, .in .Stage .3, .they .were .asked .to
.write .an .essay .in .which .they .gave .their .impressions .of .these .risk-taking
.persons. .Wanda .randomly .assigned .her .subjects .to .either .Group .A .or .Group .B.
.For .Group .A, .the .descriptive .adjectives .in .Stage .1 .included .words .with .positive
.connotations .(e.g., ."adventurous"), .while .for .Group .B .the .connotations .were
.negative .("reckless"). .Wanda .asked .two .colleagues, .Dick .and .Jane, .to .help .her
.run .the .experiment, .neither .of .whom .was .aware .of .the .purpose .of .her .research.
.Tom .interacted .with .the .subjects .and .Jane .scored .the .essays. .The .daring .feats
.of .the .imaginary .persons .were .rated .more .favorably .by .Group .A .subjects .than
.by .Group .B .subjects. .Wanda .concluded .that .the .adjectives .introduced .in .Stage
.1 .predisposed .her .subjects' .to .respond .positively .or .negatively .to .the
.adventures .of .the .fictional .persons.
Selection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Randy .was .a .graduate .psychology .student
.interested .in .learned .helplessness. .Before .testing .his .own .theories .on .the
.matter, .he .first .wanted .to .replicate .the .basic .experiment .demonstrating .the
.existence .of .this .phenomenon. .His .subjects .were .20 .rats .housed .in .a .group
.cage. .He .took .the .rats .from .that .cage, .one .at .a .time, .and .exposed .them .to .their
.respective .conditions. .The .first .ten .rats .were .assigned .to .the .Experimental
.Group, .and .the .last .ten .rats .were .assigned .to .the .Control .Group. .In .Phase .1,
.each .rat .was .placed .in .a .chamber .where .periodic .electrical .shocks .were
.delivered. .Control .Group .rats .could .terminate .the .shocks .by .pressing .a .lever;
.Experimental .Group .rats .could .not .escape .the .shocks. .Then, .in .Phase .2, .each
.rat .was .placed .in .another .chamber; .here, .a .10 .second .tone .preceded .each
.shock, .and .if .the .rat .pulled .a .chain .during .this .warning .stimulus .the .shock
.could .be .prevented. .Consistent .with .previous .research, .Randy .found .that
.Control .Group .rats .learned .to .pull .the .chain .in .Phase .2, .while .Experimental
.Group .rats .were .much .less .likely .to .learn .to .do .so. .We .can .conclude .that .the
.history .of .inescapable .shock .impeded .acquisition .of .the .avoidance .behavior
.(chain .pulling).
history .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Waitpersons .at .two .affiliated .restaurants .with
.poor .sales .figures .had .asked .for .raises .in .hourly .pay .that .the .owners .could .not
.afford. .The .owners .wondered .if .there .could .be .an .alternative .mutually
.beneficial .arrangement .between .them .and .their .employees, .and .so .they
.requested .help .from .researchers .in .the .field .of .organizational .behavior
.management. .For .the .next .four .pay .periods, .the .researchers .recorded .the .mean
.dollar .earned .per .hour .of .work .(wages), .a .statistic .important .to .the
.waitpersons, .and .sales .per .labor .hour .(productivity), .a .statistic .important .to .the
.owners. .Then, .during .a .staff .meeting .at .each .restaurant, .the .waitpersons .were
.told .that .each .of .them .would .be .paid .7% .of .their .gross .sales .rather .than .a
.fixed .amount .per .hour. .This .pay .change .was .scheduled .to .start .concurrently
answers 2025
experimenter .bias .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Andy .swore .a .lot, .a .bad .habit .he
.hoped .to .kick. .His .wife, .Betty, .recently .graduated .with .a .degree .in .behavior
.therapy. .She .suggested .that .Andy .record .every .time .he .used .profanity
.throughout .the .day .by .transferring .small .beads .from .one .pocket .to .another,
.and .then .counting .all .the .beads .transferred .at .the .end .of .the .day. ."Do .this .for
.the .first .week," .she .said, ."and .we'll .see .how .often .you .typically .swear." ."Then,
.the .next .week .continue .counting, .but .we'll .add .a .new .twist: .I .will .only .cook
.dinner .on .days .when .you .have .swore .50% .less .than .your .average .daily .count
.in .the .first .week." .Andy, .who .had .never .been .supportive .of .his .wife's .choice .of
.profession, .was .convinced .that .this .was .not .going .to .work. .In .fact, .he .was
.extra .vigilant .during .that .second .week .just .to .make .sure .he .didn't .miss .any
.opportunity .to .catch .himself .being .profane. .Sure .enough, .his .daily .rate .of
.swearing .remained .constant .throughout .the .two .weeks .despite .missing .dinner
.every .night .during .that .second .week.
History .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Jennifer .was .enrolled .in .a .behavioral .psychology
.course .at .university. .Her .professor .had .recently .discussed .respondent
.conditioning. .While .looking .over .her .notes, .she .wondered .if .single .trial
.learning .was .possible. .Jennifer .decided .to .test .this .possibility .with .her .dog.
.While .she .had .her .dog's .attention, .she .softly .whistled; .the .dog .did .not .respond
.in .any .noticeable .way .on .this .first .test. .Five .minutes .later, .she .softly .whistled
.again .and .then .immediately .clapped .her .hands .very .loudly, .which .startled .her
.dog. .Five .minutes .after .that, .she .softly .whistled .yet .again, .and .now, .on .this
.second .test, .the .soft .whistle .was .sufficient .to .startle .her .dog. .She .concluded
.that .respondent .conditioning .had .occurred .due .to .the .single .trial .pairing .of .the
.soft .whistle .and .the .loud .clap.
repeated .testing .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Jack .had .a .bad .habit .of .biting .his .nails.
.Having .had .some .training .in .psychology, .he .felt .confident .to .conduct .a .self-
experiment. .First, .he .needed .to .know .how .often .he .typically .bit .his .nails .as .a
.comparison .measure. .Every .day .for .a .week, .each .time .he .caught .himself .doing
.so, .he .made .a .tick .mark .in .a .small .daily .calendar .he .kept .in .his .pocket
.(Baseline). .At .the .end .of .the .week, .he .tallied .the .tick .marks .and .was .surprised
.to .find .that .the .problem .was .even .worse .than .he .thought: .he .bit .his .nails
.about .a .hundred .times .a .day! .Then, .while .continuing .to .monitor .himself, .he
,.started .a .week .long .self-punishment .program .(Treatment). .Whenever .he .found
.himself .in .the .middle .of .biting .his .nails, .he .snapped .an .elastic .band .around .his
.wrist. .He .tried .to .schedule .things .so .that .no .other .significant .changes .in .his
.life .coincided .with .the .start .of .his .treatment .program. .To .see .the .data .that .he
.plotted, .click .here. .Jack .concluded .from .looking .at .this .graph .that .his .self-
punishment .procedure .was .effective.
regression .toward .the .mean .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Martha .had .been .getting
.migraines .for .years, .with .the .last .couple .of .weeks .being .extremely .bad. .Up
.until .this .point .she .had .ignored .her .doctor's .advice .to .perform .daily .relaxation
.exercises, .but .it .was .now .or .never. .So .she .religiously .followed .his .instructions
.on .how .to .do .them .for .an .entire .week, .and, .much .to .her .pleasant .surprise, .the
.frequency .and .severity .of .her .migraines .declined. .As .a .test, .she .stopped .the
.regiment .for .the .next .week .and .her .headaches .worsened, .although .not .to .the
.same .extent .as .during .those .first .two .horrible .weeks. .Finally, .she .resumed .her
.relaxation .exercise .program, .and .once .again .her .condition .seemed .to .improve.
.At .the .end .of .the .month, .she .was .elated .and .reported .to .her .doctor .that .daily
.relaxation .exercises .did .indeed .make .a .difference.
history .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .managers .of .two .apartment .buildings .in .the
.same .city .with .electrical .heating .were .concerned .about .the .electricity
.consumption .of .the .residents. .Electricity .was .included .in .the .monthly .rental
.fee. .They .decided .to .conduct .an .experiment. .First, .in .April, .they .read .each
.meter .three .times .a .week .at .the .same .time .of .day .in .both .buildings. .Then, .on
.May .1, .a .meeting .was .called .for .residents .in .Apartment .1. .They .were .told .that
.the .total .savings .earned .by .the .building, .based .on .a .comparison .to .their
.consumption .in .the .previous .month, .would .be .divided .by .the .number .of
.apartments, .and .a .cheque .for .that .amount .would .be .sent .to .each .of .them.
.Residents .in .Apartment .2 .also .had .a .meeting .on .that .same .day, .but .they .were
.told .only .of .the .ecological .benefits .of .energy .conservation. .Electricity
.consumption .in .Apartment .1 .was .15% .lower .in .May .than .in .April, .but .in
.Apartment .2 .it .remained .unchanged. .We .can .conclude .that .the .group
.contingency .was .effective .in .reducing .electricity .consumption.
experimental .mortality .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-To .assess .the .effects .of .delaying
.negative .reinforcement, .the .following .experiment .was .conducted. .Subjects
.watched .a .confederate .performing .a .task .under .coercive .conditions. .The
.confederate .winced .in .pain .in .apparent .reaction .to .continuous .electric .shock.
.Periodically, .a .light .signaled .the .subjects .to .press .a .button, .after .which .they
.were .required .to .evaluate .the .confederate's .task .performance. .The .button .press
.also .appeared .to .relieve .the .confederate's .suffering .for .10 .seconds. .For .Group
.A, .the .button .press .immediately .stopped .the .suffering; .for .Group .B, .the .button
.press .stopped .the .suffering .after .a .three .second .delay. .The .dependent
.measure .was .reaction .time .from .the .onset .of .the .signaling .light .to .the .button
.press. .University .student .volunteers .were .assigned .to .one .of .these .two .groups
.on .the .basis .of .a .coin .flip. .About .25% .of .the .subjects .in .each .group
.discontinued .their .participation .midway .through .the .experiment, .citing .ethical
.concerns. .Response .latency .for .remaining .Group .A .subjects .was .significantly
, .faster .than .for .remaining .Group .B .subjects. .We .can .conclude .that .delaying
.negative .reinforcement .prolonged .response .latency.
experimenter .bias .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Can .we .be ."primed" .to .see .someone's
.actions .in .either .a .good .or .bad .light? .Wanda .believed .so. .In .Stage .1, .her
.subjects .learned .a .task .that .introduced .them .to .various .descriptive .adjectives.
.In .Stage .2, .they .heard .stories .of .persons .performing .daring .feats, .such .as .hot
.air .ballooning .and .mountain .climbing. .Finally, .in .Stage .3, .they .were .asked .to
.write .an .essay .in .which .they .gave .their .impressions .of .these .risk-taking
.persons. .Wanda .randomly .assigned .her .subjects .to .either .Group .A .or .Group .B.
.For .Group .A, .the .descriptive .adjectives .in .Stage .1 .included .words .with .positive
.connotations .(e.g., ."adventurous"), .while .for .Group .B .the .connotations .were
.negative .("reckless"). .Wanda .asked .two .colleagues, .Dick .and .Jane, .to .help .her
.run .the .experiment, .neither .of .whom .was .aware .of .the .purpose .of .her .research.
.Tom .interacted .with .the .subjects .and .Jane .scored .the .essays. .The .daring .feats
.of .the .imaginary .persons .were .rated .more .favorably .by .Group .A .subjects .than
.by .Group .B .subjects. .Wanda .concluded .that .the .adjectives .introduced .in .Stage
.1 .predisposed .her .subjects' .to .respond .positively .or .negatively .to .the
.adventures .of .the .fictional .persons.
Selection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Randy .was .a .graduate .psychology .student
.interested .in .learned .helplessness. .Before .testing .his .own .theories .on .the
.matter, .he .first .wanted .to .replicate .the .basic .experiment .demonstrating .the
.existence .of .this .phenomenon. .His .subjects .were .20 .rats .housed .in .a .group
.cage. .He .took .the .rats .from .that .cage, .one .at .a .time, .and .exposed .them .to .their
.respective .conditions. .The .first .ten .rats .were .assigned .to .the .Experimental
.Group, .and .the .last .ten .rats .were .assigned .to .the .Control .Group. .In .Phase .1,
.each .rat .was .placed .in .a .chamber .where .periodic .electrical .shocks .were
.delivered. .Control .Group .rats .could .terminate .the .shocks .by .pressing .a .lever;
.Experimental .Group .rats .could .not .escape .the .shocks. .Then, .in .Phase .2, .each
.rat .was .placed .in .another .chamber; .here, .a .10 .second .tone .preceded .each
.shock, .and .if .the .rat .pulled .a .chain .during .this .warning .stimulus .the .shock
.could .be .prevented. .Consistent .with .previous .research, .Randy .found .that
.Control .Group .rats .learned .to .pull .the .chain .in .Phase .2, .while .Experimental
.Group .rats .were .much .less .likely .to .learn .to .do .so. .We .can .conclude .that .the
.history .of .inescapable .shock .impeded .acquisition .of .the .avoidance .behavior
.(chain .pulling).
history .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Waitpersons .at .two .affiliated .restaurants .with
.poor .sales .figures .had .asked .for .raises .in .hourly .pay .that .the .owners .could .not
.afford. .The .owners .wondered .if .there .could .be .an .alternative .mutually
.beneficial .arrangement .between .them .and .their .employees, .and .so .they
.requested .help .from .researchers .in .the .field .of .organizational .behavior
.management. .For .the .next .four .pay .periods, .the .researchers .recorded .the .mean
.dollar .earned .per .hour .of .work .(wages), .a .statistic .important .to .the
.waitpersons, .and .sales .per .labor .hour .(productivity), .a .statistic .important .to .the
.owners. .Then, .during .a .staff .meeting .at .each .restaurant, .the .waitpersons .were
.told .that .each .of .them .would .be .paid .7% .of .their .gross .sales .rather .than .a
.fixed .amount .per .hour. .This .pay .change .was .scheduled .to .start .concurrently
