NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm questions and solutions

NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm questions
and solutions

Asthma - answersChronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the
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bronchioles
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What are 5 s/s of asthma - answerscoughing
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wheezing qk




shortness of breath qk qk qk




rapid breathing qk qk




chest tightness qk




Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - answers-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasqk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk




-excess mucus production and accumulation
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-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle qk qk qk qk qk




-airflow obstruction qk qk




-decreased alveolar ventilation qk qk




Bronchioles - answerssmaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
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3 layers of the bronchioles - answersinnermost layer
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middle layer - lamina propria qk qk qk qk qk




outermost layer qk




lamina propria - answersthe middle layer of the bronchioles
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structure of the lamina propria - answersembedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
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purpose of the lamina propria - answerswhite blood cells are present to help protect the airways
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How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - answersthe WBCs protective feature goes into
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overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
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What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - answerscolumnar epithelial ells and mucus producing
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goblet cells
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What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - answerssmooth muscle cells
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what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - answerscontrol the airways ability to constrict and dilate
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alveolar hyperinflation - answersWhen air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls
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collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
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how does hyperinflation occur? - answersthe ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus pl
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that the bronchial walls collapse around
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Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - answers-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
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,- respiratory acidosis
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What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - answerstiotropium and ipratropium
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What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - answersThese drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous
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system
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- increasing bronchodilation
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MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - answersthe parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to
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release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constrictio
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= decreased airflow
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- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
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bronchitis - answersinflammation of the bronchial tubes qk qk qk qk qk qk




3 characteristics of bronchitis - answersbronchial inflammation
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hypersecretion of mucus qk qk qk




chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
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Perfusion - answersThe supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a resu
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of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
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results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - answerscyanosis
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right to left shunting qk qk qk qk




chronic hypoxemia qk




Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - answersthere is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas
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exchange
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Right to left shunting - answerswhen blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle
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without perfusion
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Causes of bronchitis - answers-long term exposure to environmental irritants
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-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy) qk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk




-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
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Pathogenesis of bronchitis - answers-Exposure to airborne irritants qk qk qk qk qk qk qk qk




- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
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- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina propria
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most common irritant with bronchitis is? - answerstobacco product smoke
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what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - answers- smooth muscle hypertrophy
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- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
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- epithelial cell metaplasia
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- migration of more WBC to site
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- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
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What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - answerscauses increased bronchoconstriction
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