DELTA MODULE 1
Suggestopedia - ANS-Definition: (Giori Lozanov) an approach based on
lowering the students' affective filter as much as possible to encourage acquisition.
Example: using baroque music, sitting in comfy chairs, creating new identities all form part of
this approach
Further Point: there is a 'receptive' 'activation' phase in class
Anaphoric Reference - ANS-Definition: a type of grammatical cohesion - something that refers
back to a previously mentioned item in a text.
Example: "Susan lives just round the corner. She's my best friend." 'She' refers back to 'Susan'
Further Point: can be seen in contrast to cataphoric reference (refers forward) and exophoric
reference (refers to something 'outside' the text, which is common knowledge)
Aptitude test - ANS-Definition: a test of a student's natural ability to learn a language (in this
case).
Example: in pronunciation, a test to check the ability to imitate/distinguish sounds in an
unknown language.
Further Point: clearly it is much simpler to test aptitude in systems like grammar, pronunciation
or lexis, rather than skills
Audio-Lingual Approach - ANS-Definition: an inductive approach based on drilling and pattern
practice, moving towards substitution of elements.
Example: Teacher: "That cat is cute." Students: "That cat is cute." Teacher: "Dog." Students:
"That dog is cute." etc.
Further Point: most interaction is teacher-student,
students should 'overlearn' so that usage becomes
habitual.
Backwash - ANS-Definition: the effect a test/exam has on the teaching leading up to it
Example: a global language exam decides to include a speaking test for the time. This causes
teachers to begin including speaking practice in their classes
, Further Point: the effect of backwash can be positive or negative
Behaviourism - ANS-Definition: a belief that language is learned behaviour and we learn by
imitation of good models
Example: the Audio-lingual Method is the classroom
approach of behaviourist ideology
Further Point: this approach works on a stimulus-response- reward/punishment model
Bottom-up Processing - ANS-Definition: processing a text starting with the smaller elements of
a text (words, sounds, etc) then building upwards to decode the text as a whole
Example: listening or reading for the times of a particular train
Further Point: can be seen in comparison to 'Top-down' processing, which starts from 'global
knowledge' to process meaning
Cataphoric Reference - ANS-Definition: a type of grammatical cohesion - something that refers
forward to another thing mentioned later in the text
Example: "Given that it is bad for you, smoking still remains very popular." 'It' refers forward to
'smoking'
Further Point: can be seen in contrast to anaphoric reference (refers back) and exophoric
reference (refers outside the text)
Cloze test - ANS-Definition: a test where a number of words have been removed from a text.
Students have to complete the text
Example: FCE Use of English Part 2, where students have fill the gaps left in the text
Further Point: traditionally, the missing words were every so many words (e.g. every 9th word
was missing) - there are also open and multiple choice cloze tests
Co-text - ANS-Definition: the words immediately around a particular
item in the text which help to deduce its meaning
Example: on the way back to the market (the underlined words are the co-text of 'back')
Further Point: the co-text can be the same topic as the context (they are about the same things)
or can be a digression away from the context
Community Language Learning - ANS-Definition: (Charles Curran) an approach designed to
form a group identity and lower the affective filter by
building a conversation for later analysis/practice.
Suggestopedia - ANS-Definition: (Giori Lozanov) an approach based on
lowering the students' affective filter as much as possible to encourage acquisition.
Example: using baroque music, sitting in comfy chairs, creating new identities all form part of
this approach
Further Point: there is a 'receptive' 'activation' phase in class
Anaphoric Reference - ANS-Definition: a type of grammatical cohesion - something that refers
back to a previously mentioned item in a text.
Example: "Susan lives just round the corner. She's my best friend." 'She' refers back to 'Susan'
Further Point: can be seen in contrast to cataphoric reference (refers forward) and exophoric
reference (refers to something 'outside' the text, which is common knowledge)
Aptitude test - ANS-Definition: a test of a student's natural ability to learn a language (in this
case).
Example: in pronunciation, a test to check the ability to imitate/distinguish sounds in an
unknown language.
Further Point: clearly it is much simpler to test aptitude in systems like grammar, pronunciation
or lexis, rather than skills
Audio-Lingual Approach - ANS-Definition: an inductive approach based on drilling and pattern
practice, moving towards substitution of elements.
Example: Teacher: "That cat is cute." Students: "That cat is cute." Teacher: "Dog." Students:
"That dog is cute." etc.
Further Point: most interaction is teacher-student,
students should 'overlearn' so that usage becomes
habitual.
Backwash - ANS-Definition: the effect a test/exam has on the teaching leading up to it
Example: a global language exam decides to include a speaking test for the time. This causes
teachers to begin including speaking practice in their classes
, Further Point: the effect of backwash can be positive or negative
Behaviourism - ANS-Definition: a belief that language is learned behaviour and we learn by
imitation of good models
Example: the Audio-lingual Method is the classroom
approach of behaviourist ideology
Further Point: this approach works on a stimulus-response- reward/punishment model
Bottom-up Processing - ANS-Definition: processing a text starting with the smaller elements of
a text (words, sounds, etc) then building upwards to decode the text as a whole
Example: listening or reading for the times of a particular train
Further Point: can be seen in comparison to 'Top-down' processing, which starts from 'global
knowledge' to process meaning
Cataphoric Reference - ANS-Definition: a type of grammatical cohesion - something that refers
forward to another thing mentioned later in the text
Example: "Given that it is bad for you, smoking still remains very popular." 'It' refers forward to
'smoking'
Further Point: can be seen in contrast to anaphoric reference (refers back) and exophoric
reference (refers outside the text)
Cloze test - ANS-Definition: a test where a number of words have been removed from a text.
Students have to complete the text
Example: FCE Use of English Part 2, where students have fill the gaps left in the text
Further Point: traditionally, the missing words were every so many words (e.g. every 9th word
was missing) - there are also open and multiple choice cloze tests
Co-text - ANS-Definition: the words immediately around a particular
item in the text which help to deduce its meaning
Example: on the way back to the market (the underlined words are the co-text of 'back')
Further Point: the co-text can be the same topic as the context (they are about the same things)
or can be a digression away from the context
Community Language Learning - ANS-Definition: (Charles Curran) an approach designed to
form a group identity and lower the affective filter by
building a conversation for later analysis/practice.
