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NURBN2023 (ACTUAL 2025/2026) QUESTIONS WITH
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
define asthma - (answers)chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
4 risk factors for asthma - (answers)family history
allergen exposure
living in urban areas
exposure to air pollution
two triggers for asthma - (answers)Respiratory infection
Pollution
discuss how spirometry testing is used in the diagnosis of asthma - (answers)It
measures the amount of air you're able to breathe in and out and its rate of flow
describe the three major features of asthmatic airways - (answers)Obstruction.
Inflammation.
Hyper-responsiveness.
describe early and late stage asthma response - (answers)early phase reaction is
when the individual is expose to allergens and produces IgE antibodies and over-
expression of Th2 T-cells response. Then the antiobodies bind to mast cells and
the exposure to the same allergens and leading to smooth muscle contraction.
,2|Page
Therefore in late phase, the mediators released during the early phase reaction
lead to recruitment of innate and adaptive inflammatory cells and then more lead
to smooth muscle contraction
three clinical manifestations of asthma - (answers)recurrent episodes of
wheezing, chest tightness, & shortness of breath
relate clinical manifestations of asthma to pathological changes in the airway -
(answers)airway muscle: the thin layer of muscle within the wall of an airway can
contract and narrow
inflammation: the inside walls of the airways are often swollen and inflamed
leaving less space
mucus: mucus production is normally a protective response by in severe asthma it
is excessive and block the inside of the airway
fibrosis: on going inflammation in the airway can lead to tissue remodelling and
results in thickened airway walls & increased smooth musclev
short and long acting β2-receptor receptor agonists - (answers)
name a long acting beta 2 agonist - (answers)-relaxes the smooth muscle of
bronchioles
-can relieve bronchospams
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Formoterol - (answers)-long acting B2 receptor agonist
-used for asthma and COPD
interactions
-drugs that weaken immune system
-seizure medication
-other steroid meds
adverse effects:
-muscle pains
-blurred vison
pt ed
-use at the same time everyday
-use ad
salbutamol - (answers)a medication that opens up the medium and large airways
in the lungs
drug interactions
- beta blockers
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- salbutamol can cause heart complications
adverse effects:
- fast, slow or uneven heartbeat
-headache
pt ed:
-only use your salbutamol inhaler when you need it
-how to use it
tiotropium - (answers)Short-acting muscarinic antagonist
-inhaled once a day
-is used to treat lung diseases such as asthma and COPD
adverse effect
-muscle pain
-constipation
define copd - (answers)COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) umbrella
term for a collection of diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
asthma.
NURBN2023 (ACTUAL 2025/2026) QUESTIONS WITH
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
define asthma - (answers)chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
4 risk factors for asthma - (answers)family history
allergen exposure
living in urban areas
exposure to air pollution
two triggers for asthma - (answers)Respiratory infection
Pollution
discuss how spirometry testing is used in the diagnosis of asthma - (answers)It
measures the amount of air you're able to breathe in and out and its rate of flow
describe the three major features of asthmatic airways - (answers)Obstruction.
Inflammation.
Hyper-responsiveness.
describe early and late stage asthma response - (answers)early phase reaction is
when the individual is expose to allergens and produces IgE antibodies and over-
expression of Th2 T-cells response. Then the antiobodies bind to mast cells and
the exposure to the same allergens and leading to smooth muscle contraction.
,2|Page
Therefore in late phase, the mediators released during the early phase reaction
lead to recruitment of innate and adaptive inflammatory cells and then more lead
to smooth muscle contraction
three clinical manifestations of asthma - (answers)recurrent episodes of
wheezing, chest tightness, & shortness of breath
relate clinical manifestations of asthma to pathological changes in the airway -
(answers)airway muscle: the thin layer of muscle within the wall of an airway can
contract and narrow
inflammation: the inside walls of the airways are often swollen and inflamed
leaving less space
mucus: mucus production is normally a protective response by in severe asthma it
is excessive and block the inside of the airway
fibrosis: on going inflammation in the airway can lead to tissue remodelling and
results in thickened airway walls & increased smooth musclev
short and long acting β2-receptor receptor agonists - (answers)
name a long acting beta 2 agonist - (answers)-relaxes the smooth muscle of
bronchioles
-can relieve bronchospams
,3|Page
Formoterol - (answers)-long acting B2 receptor agonist
-used for asthma and COPD
interactions
-drugs that weaken immune system
-seizure medication
-other steroid meds
adverse effects:
-muscle pains
-blurred vison
pt ed
-use at the same time everyday
-use ad
salbutamol - (answers)a medication that opens up the medium and large airways
in the lungs
drug interactions
- beta blockers
, 4|Page
- salbutamol can cause heart complications
adverse effects:
- fast, slow or uneven heartbeat
-headache
pt ed:
-only use your salbutamol inhaler when you need it
-how to use it
tiotropium - (answers)Short-acting muscarinic antagonist
-inhaled once a day
-is used to treat lung diseases such as asthma and COPD
adverse effect
-muscle pain
-constipation
define copd - (answers)COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) umbrella
term for a collection of diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
asthma.
