Pathophysiology Final NUR 2063 Final Exam Questions with Answers 2025

Pathophysiology Final NUR 2063 Final Exam
Questions with Answers 2025
GastritisAandAEtiologyAandApathoA-AcorrectAanswers-
inflammationAofAstomach'sAmucolasAliningA(canAinvolveAentireAstomachAorAregion)AcanAbeA
acuteAorAchronic.
mayAbeAcausedAbyAh.ApyloriAinfectionA(imbedsAinAmucosalAlayerAactivatingAtoxinsAandAenzy
mesAthatAcauseAinflammation.ANSAIDS,AchronicAalcoholAconsumption,Astress,Atrauma,A
burns,AorAinfections,AautoimmuneAconditions
manifestationsAofAgastritisA-AcorrectAanswers-
indigestion,Aheartburn,AepigastricApain,AabdominalAcramping,Anausea,Avomiting,Aanorexia,
Afever,Amalaise.

hematemesisAandAdark,AtarryAstoolsAindicateAulcerationAandAbleeding.AchronicAgastritisAinc
reasesAriskAforApepticAulcers,AgastricAcancer,Aanemia,AandAhemorrhage.
gastritisAdiagnosis/treatmentA-AcorrectAanswers-
h&p,AGIAtractAxAray,Aegd,AserumAh.ApyloriAantibodies,Ah.ApyloriAbreathAtest,AstoolAanalysisA(
h.ApyloriAandAoccultAblood
treatment-acuteAisAselfAlimitingAususallyAresolves
meds-antacids,Aacid-reducingAagents,AandAmucosalAbarrierAagents
otherAstrategiesAincludeAthoseAforAGERDA(diet,AsmallAmeals,Aantacids)
PepticAulcerAdiseaseA(PUD)A-AcorrectAanswers-
refersAtoAerosiveAlesionsAaffectingAtheAmuscularisAmucosaAofAtheAstomachAorAduodenum.A
ulcersAvaryAinAsizeAandAseverity,ArangingAfromAsuperficialAerosionsAtoAcompleteApenetratio
nAthroughAGIAtractAwall
pepticAulcerAdiseaseAetiologyAandApathoA-AcorrectAanswers-
ETIOLOGY:AmostAcommonlyAH.ApyloriAandANSAIDAuse.
PATHO:AdevelopsAbecauseAofAanAimbalanceAbetweenAdestructiveAforcesAandAprotectiveA
mechanisms
PUDAduodenalAulcersA-AcorrectAanswers-
mostAcommonlyAassociatedAwithAexcessiveAacidAorAH.ApyloriAinfections
typicallyApresentAwithAepigastricApainArelievedAinAtheApresenceAofAfood
PUDAgastricAulcersA-AcorrectAanswers-lessAfrequent-moreAdeadly
typicallyAassociatedAwithAmalignancyAandANSAIDS
painAworsensAwithAeating
PUDAStressAulcersA-AcorrectAanswers-
developAbecauseAofAmajorAphysiologicalAstressorAonAbodyAdueAtoAlocalAtissueAischemia,
AtissueAacidosis,AbileAsaltsAenteringAstomach,AandAdecreasedAGIAmotility

mostAfrequentlyAdevelopAinAstomach;AmultipleAulcersAcanAformAwithinAhoursAofAtheAprecipit
atingAevent
oftenAhemorrhageAisAtheAfirstAindicationA(vomitingAbloodAorAbloodAinAstool)
PUDAmanifestations/treatmentA-AcorrectAanswers-
epigastric,Aabd.Apain,Aabd.Acramping,Aheartburn,Aindigestion,AchestApain,Anausea/voimitin
g,AmelenaA(dark,AtarryAstools),Afatigue,AunexplainedAweightAloss

,Treatment:AsameAasAgastritis:Aantacids,AmucosalAbarrierAagents,Aacid-reducingAagents
possibleAsurgicalArepair
Iron-deficiencyAAnemiaA-AcorrectAanswers-NotAenoughAironAforAhemoglobinAproduction
erythrocytesApaleAandAsmall
Etiology:AdecreasedAironAconsumption/absorption,AincreasedAbleeding
manifestationsAinAadditionAtoA"anemia":AbrittleAnails,Aheadache/irritability,Apica,AcyanosisAo
fAscleraAofAeyes,AdelayedAhealing
AnemiaA-AcorrectAanswers-
commonAacquiredAorAinheritedAdisorderAofAerythrocytesAthatAimpairsAtheAbloodsAoxygen-
carryingAcapacity.A
ETIOLOGY:AdecreaseAinA#AofAcirculatingAerythrocytes,AreductionAinAhemoglobinAcontent,A
presenceAofAabnormalAhemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS:Aweakness,Afatigue,Apallor,Asyncope,Adyspnea,Atachycardia
PerniciousAanemiaA-AcorrectAanswers-B12AdeficiencyAorAmegaloblasticAanemia
large,AimmatureAerythrocytes.
usuallyAlackAofAintrinsicAfactorA(proteinAnecessaryAforAb12AabsorptionAinAstomach)
b12AisAneededAforAcellAdivisionAandAmaturity.
tooAlittleAb12AgraduallyAcausesAneuroAproblemsAbecauseAofAtheAbreakdownAinAmyelin,Aneu
roAeffectsAmayAbeAseenAbeforeAanemiaAisAdiagnosed.A
AdditionalAmanifestations:AbleedingAgums,Adiarrhea,AimpairedAsmell,ADTRAloss,Aanorexia,
Apersonality/memoryAchanges,A+AbabinskiAsign,Astomatitis,AparesthesiaAof AhandsAandAfeet

,AunsteadyAgait
aplasticAanemiaA-AcorrectAanswers-
boneAmarrowAfailsAtoAmakeAenoughAbloodAcellsAleadingAtoApancytopenia
MANIFESTATIONS:AgeneralAanemia,Aleukcytopenia,AandArecurrentAinfections
canAbeAcausedAbyAcancers,AcancerAtreatment,Apesticides
SickleAcellAanemiaA-AcorrectAanswers-genetic,Ahemoglobin-sAtraitAvs.Agene
crescentAshapeAduringAtimesAofAhypoxia,AcanAclumpAtogetherAandAclogAvessels.
MANIFESTATIONS:AswellingAinAhandsAandAfeet,AsickleAcellAcrisis,Aabd.Apain,AboneApain,Aj
aundice,AskinAulcers,Astroke,AchestApain
tissueAischemiaAandAnecrosis.
electrophoresisAandAstemAcellAtransplantAmayAcure
thalassemiaA-AcorrectAanswers-
genetic,AnotARBCAproblem,AhemoglobinAproblem.AlackAoneAorA2AproteinsAthatAmakeAupAhe
moglobin
MANIFESTATIONS:AheartAfailure,Asplenomegaly,Ahepatomegaly,AboneAdeformities,Ajaun
dice,Afatigue,Adyspnea
IdiopathicAthrombocytopeniaApurpuraA(ITP)A-AcorrectAanswers-
hypocoagulopathyAdueAtoAimmuneAsystemAdestroyingAitsAownAplateletsA(autoantibodies)A
CirculatingAIgGAreactsAwithAtheAplateletsAwhichAareAthenAdestroyedAinAtheAspleenAandAliver
.
canAbeAacuteAorAchronic
ETIOLOGY:Aidiopathic,AautoimmuneAdisease,AliveAvaccines,AimmunodeficiencyAdisorders
,AviralAinfections
Manifestations:AabnormalAbleedingA(petechiae,AepistaxisA[noseAbleed],Ahematuria)

, ACUTEATREATMENT:AglucocorticoidAsteroids,Aimmunoglobulins,AplasmapheresisAandApl
ateletApheresis
CHRONICATREATMENT:Asplenectomy,AbloodAtransfusions,Aimmunosuppressants
ThromboticAthrombocytopeniaApurpuraA-AcorrectAanswers-
coagulationAdisorterAd/tAdeficiencyAofAenzymeAresponsibleAforAcleavingAvonAWillebrandAfa
ctor
increasedAclottingAwhichAdecreasesAavailableAplateletsA--
>AbleedingAunderAskinAandApurpleAcoloredAspotsAcalledA"purpura"
manifestations:Athrombi>thrombocytopenia>bleeding
purpura,ALOCAchanges,Aconfusion,Afatigue,Afever
ThrombocytopeniaA-AcorrectAanswers-
aAconditionAinAwhichAthereAisAanAabnormallyAsmallAnumberAofAplateletsAcirculatingAinAtheAbl
ood
hemostasisA-AcorrectAanswers-stoppageAofAbleeding
1.AvasospasmA(vasoconstriction)-
briefAreflexAbloodAvesselAnarrowsAtoAdecreaseAbloodAflowAtoAinjuryAandAincreaseAbp
2.AplateletAplugAformation-
involvesAactivation,Aaggregation,AandAadherenceAofAplateletsAintoAaAplugAthatAservesAasAaA
barrierAagainstAbloodAflowingAoutAofAvessel.
3Acoagulation-
orAclottingAchangesAbloodAintoAgelAthroughAcascadeAofAevents.AfibrinAmeshAisAcleavedAfro
mAfibrinogen.AfibrinAactsAlikeAglueAduringAclotAformationAholdingAtheAplateletAplugAtogether.A
OnceAbloodAflowAisAstoppedAtissueArepairAcanAbegin
parathyroidAhormoneA(PTH)A-AcorrectAanswers-
WorksAinAoppositeAwayAtoAcalcitoninAtoAregulateAserumAcalciumAlevels.APTHAsecretedAwith
ACaAlevelsAdrop.APTHAincreasesAosteoclastAactivityAwhichAreleasesACaAfromAbone.AAlsoAin

creasesAabsorptionAofACaAinAGIAtractAandAkidneys.APTHAalsoAregulatesAphosphateAlevelsA
byAreducingArenalAreabsorptionAofAphosphateAinAproximalAtubuleAandAincreasingAtheAuptak
eAfromAtheAintestinesAandAbonesAintoAblood
hyperparathyroidismAandAetiologyA-AcorrectAanswers-
conditionAofAexcessiveAPTHAproductionAbyAparathyroidAglands
causes:Atumors,Ahyperplasia,AchronicAhypocalcemiaA(renalAfailure)
hyperparathyroidismAmanifestations/treatmentA-AcorrectAanswers-
osteoporosis,ArenalAcalculi,Apolyuria,Aabd.Apain,Aconstipation,Afatigue,Aweakness,AflaccidA
muscles,Adysrhythmias,Ahypertension,Adepression,Aforgetfulness,
Cushing'sAsyndromeA-AcorrectAanswers-
excessiveAcortisolAthatAresultsAfromAtheAincreasedAACTHAlevels
Cushing'sAsyndromeAetiologyA-AcorrectAanswers-
iatrogenicAfromAingestionAofAglucocorticoidAmeds,AadrenalAtumorsAthatAsecreteAglucocortic
oids,ApituitaryAtumorsAthatAsecreteAACTHAandAcortisol,AandAparaneoplasticAsyndromeA(rar
eAdisordersAtriggeredAbyAabnormalAimmuneAresponseAtoAaAcancerousAtumorAcalledAneopl
asm)
Cushing'sAsyndromeAtreatmentA-AcorrectAanswers-gradualAtaperingAofAanyAglucocorticoids
tumorsAmayAneedAsurgeryAandAradiation
medsAtoAcontrolAcortisolAproduction
interventionsAtoAmanageAcomplications