NEUROSCIENCE EXAM GUIDE #1
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Where does the communication occur between neurons? - Answer-Synapses
A chemical synapse has a presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron. What
occurs at the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron? - Answer-Presynaptic
terminal- synaptic vesicles release a neurotransmitter
Postsynpatic neuron- neurotransmitter receptor binds at this site
The mylein sheath, has 2 parts that cover the axons. Mylein forming glia cells in the
CNS are termed what? PNS? - Answer-Oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS
CNS neurotransmitters include glutamate and GABA? Which one is an excitatory
neruotrasmitter and which one is an inhibitory? - Answer-Excitatory- Glutamate
Inhibitory- GABA
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter associated with which nervous system?
Norepinephrine is associated with which nervous system? - Answer-Acetylcholine-
PNS and ANS neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine- ANS neurotransmitter
What is white matter? - Answer-Myelinated axons
What is gray matter? - Answer-Cell bodies
Most local synaptic communication in the CNS occur in what type of matter? -
Answer-Gray matter
(white matter transmits longer communication over greater distances)
List some examples of gray matter structures? - Answer-Cerebral cortex
Nuclei
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Cranial nerve nuclei
,Within the spinal cord, in which matter are the ascending and descending tracts
traveling? - Answer-Travel through white matter
Describe the distribution of gray and white matter in the cortex - Answer-Outter
surface is gray matter and inner surface is white matter
What are some examples of white matter in the CNS? - Answer-Tracts
Fascicles
Lemniscus
Bundles
Commissures
What are the main gray and white matter structures in the PNS? - Answer-White
matter- peripheral nerves
Gray matter- ganglia (cluter of cell bodies)
How many cranial nerve pairs and spinal nerve pairs are in the spinal cord? -
Answer-12 CN pairs
31 SN pairs (peripheral nerves)
The cervical and lumbosacral enlargement are also known as what? Are they made
up of more gray or white matter? - Answer-Brachial plexus
Lumbosacral plexus
(made up of more gray matter, more cell bodies)
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS? - Answer-Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
Parasympathetic (craniosacral)
What is the fight or flight part of the ANS? - Answer-Sympathetic nervous system
(epinephrine/norepinephrine)
The outer surface of our brain is gray matter where cortical-to-cortical
communication occurs?
True or false - Answer-True
What is the rest or digest part of the ANS? - Answer-Parasympathetic nervous
system
(acetylcholine)
,What are the 4 major lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? - Answer-Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
What is a sulci? - Answer-Infoldings of the cerebral hemisphere
What is a fissure? - Answer-Deep sulci or infoldings
What is a gyri? - Answer-Bump or ridge between sulci
Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the rhombencephalon, that
develops during stage 1; neurulation - Answer-Subdivisions: Metencephalon and
Myelencephalon
Derivates: Cerebellum, pons and medula
Cavities: Fourth ventricle
Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the primitve nerual tube, that
develops during stage 1; neurulation - Answer-Subdivisions: Neural crest and tube
Derivates --> Cavities: Nerual tube --> spinal cord --> central canal
Nerual crest --> Peripheral nerve ganglia
What are the 2 primary flexures that help contain and align the neural tube within the
closed skull - Answer-Cephalic flexure (1st to develop)
Cervical flexure (2nd to develop)
What divides the neural tube into a ventral and dorsal half? - Answer-Sulcus limitans
What is the dorsal portion of the neural tube called when the sulcus limitans divides
the tube in half during cell proliferation? - Answer-Alar plate
The alar plate is the future site for what tracts? - Answer-Sensory neurons and tracts
What is the ventral portion of the neural tube called when the sulcus limitans divides
the tube in half during cell proliferation? - Answer-Basilar plate
(future site for efferent more portion)
What are the 3 layers the neural tube divides into during cell proliferation? - Answer-
Ependymal or germinal layer (lining of central canal and ventricles)
, Intermediate or mantle layer
(gray matter of spinal cord)
Marginal layer
(white matter)
During stage 3 of nervous system development, cells begin to migrate. What are the
2 types of migration? - Answer-Radial migration
Tangenital migration
Describe the difference between radial and tangential migration - Answer-Radial
migration- Occurs from spinal cord through telencephalon. Uses radial glial cells
Tangential migration- Occurs within structures of brainstem. Shorter distances of
neurons are moved later in development
What dfects may occur due to problems with migration of nervous system
development? - Answer-Dyslexia
Lissencephaly- lesser intelligence, due to lack of infolding
What happens during stage 4, cell differentiation of nervous system development? -
Answer-Formation of axonal and dendritic processes
Development of cranial nerves
What are the 1st cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Swallow and gag nerves:
CN 5, 7, 9, 10 and 12
What are the 2nd cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Visual motor system:
CN 2, 3, 4 and 6
What are the 3rd cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Hearing:
CN 8
What are the 4th cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Olfaction:
CN 1
Describe what 2 processes occur during stage 5 synaptogenesis during nervous
system development? - Answer-Correlated with known types of permanent learning
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Where does the communication occur between neurons? - Answer-Synapses
A chemical synapse has a presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron. What
occurs at the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron? - Answer-Presynaptic
terminal- synaptic vesicles release a neurotransmitter
Postsynpatic neuron- neurotransmitter receptor binds at this site
The mylein sheath, has 2 parts that cover the axons. Mylein forming glia cells in the
CNS are termed what? PNS? - Answer-Oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS
CNS neurotransmitters include glutamate and GABA? Which one is an excitatory
neruotrasmitter and which one is an inhibitory? - Answer-Excitatory- Glutamate
Inhibitory- GABA
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter associated with which nervous system?
Norepinephrine is associated with which nervous system? - Answer-Acetylcholine-
PNS and ANS neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine- ANS neurotransmitter
What is white matter? - Answer-Myelinated axons
What is gray matter? - Answer-Cell bodies
Most local synaptic communication in the CNS occur in what type of matter? -
Answer-Gray matter
(white matter transmits longer communication over greater distances)
List some examples of gray matter structures? - Answer-Cerebral cortex
Nuclei
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Cranial nerve nuclei
,Within the spinal cord, in which matter are the ascending and descending tracts
traveling? - Answer-Travel through white matter
Describe the distribution of gray and white matter in the cortex - Answer-Outter
surface is gray matter and inner surface is white matter
What are some examples of white matter in the CNS? - Answer-Tracts
Fascicles
Lemniscus
Bundles
Commissures
What are the main gray and white matter structures in the PNS? - Answer-White
matter- peripheral nerves
Gray matter- ganglia (cluter of cell bodies)
How many cranial nerve pairs and spinal nerve pairs are in the spinal cord? -
Answer-12 CN pairs
31 SN pairs (peripheral nerves)
The cervical and lumbosacral enlargement are also known as what? Are they made
up of more gray or white matter? - Answer-Brachial plexus
Lumbosacral plexus
(made up of more gray matter, more cell bodies)
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS? - Answer-Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
Parasympathetic (craniosacral)
What is the fight or flight part of the ANS? - Answer-Sympathetic nervous system
(epinephrine/norepinephrine)
The outer surface of our brain is gray matter where cortical-to-cortical
communication occurs?
True or false - Answer-True
What is the rest or digest part of the ANS? - Answer-Parasympathetic nervous
system
(acetylcholine)
,What are the 4 major lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? - Answer-Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
What is a sulci? - Answer-Infoldings of the cerebral hemisphere
What is a fissure? - Answer-Deep sulci or infoldings
What is a gyri? - Answer-Bump or ridge between sulci
Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the rhombencephalon, that
develops during stage 1; neurulation - Answer-Subdivisions: Metencephalon and
Myelencephalon
Derivates: Cerebellum, pons and medula
Cavities: Fourth ventricle
Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the primitve nerual tube, that
develops during stage 1; neurulation - Answer-Subdivisions: Neural crest and tube
Derivates --> Cavities: Nerual tube --> spinal cord --> central canal
Nerual crest --> Peripheral nerve ganglia
What are the 2 primary flexures that help contain and align the neural tube within the
closed skull - Answer-Cephalic flexure (1st to develop)
Cervical flexure (2nd to develop)
What divides the neural tube into a ventral and dorsal half? - Answer-Sulcus limitans
What is the dorsal portion of the neural tube called when the sulcus limitans divides
the tube in half during cell proliferation? - Answer-Alar plate
The alar plate is the future site for what tracts? - Answer-Sensory neurons and tracts
What is the ventral portion of the neural tube called when the sulcus limitans divides
the tube in half during cell proliferation? - Answer-Basilar plate
(future site for efferent more portion)
What are the 3 layers the neural tube divides into during cell proliferation? - Answer-
Ependymal or germinal layer (lining of central canal and ventricles)
, Intermediate or mantle layer
(gray matter of spinal cord)
Marginal layer
(white matter)
During stage 3 of nervous system development, cells begin to migrate. What are the
2 types of migration? - Answer-Radial migration
Tangenital migration
Describe the difference between radial and tangential migration - Answer-Radial
migration- Occurs from spinal cord through telencephalon. Uses radial glial cells
Tangential migration- Occurs within structures of brainstem. Shorter distances of
neurons are moved later in development
What dfects may occur due to problems with migration of nervous system
development? - Answer-Dyslexia
Lissencephaly- lesser intelligence, due to lack of infolding
What happens during stage 4, cell differentiation of nervous system development? -
Answer-Formation of axonal and dendritic processes
Development of cranial nerves
What are the 1st cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Swallow and gag nerves:
CN 5, 7, 9, 10 and 12
What are the 2nd cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Visual motor system:
CN 2, 3, 4 and 6
What are the 3rd cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Hearing:
CN 8
What are the 4th cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? - Answer-
Olfaction:
CN 1
Describe what 2 processes occur during stage 5 synaptogenesis during nervous
system development? - Answer-Correlated with known types of permanent learning
