CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
brain formation begins on day _______ and consists of - Answer-28;
prosencephalon (forebrain); mesencephalon (midbrain); rhombencephalon
(hindbrain);
part of telencephalon - Answer-cerebral hemispheres; cerebral cortex; subcortical
white matter; basal ganglia
growth of the cerebral hemispheres happens - Answer-ventralaterally
midbrain tetum; midbrain tegmentum; cerebrl peduncles are part of the - Answer-
midbrain (mesencephalon)
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) is part of the _________part of the hindbrain
- Answer-rostral
the myelencephalon (medulla) is part of the _________ part of the hindbrain -
Answer-posterior
5 enlargements have formed around - Answer-day 40
fetal stage is from - Answer-end of 8th week to birth
gyri and sulci begin to show and form around - Answer-6 months
full gestation of brain is around - Answer-9 months
at birth the conus medullaris is around - Answer-l3
in an adults, the connus medullaris is around - Answer-L1-l2
epithelial cells lining the neural tube become - Answer-neurons and glia
the neurons that develop from the epithelial cells lining the neural tube go to -
Answer-target cells (which form synapses)
meyelination begins in the - Answer-4th fetal month
most myelin sheaths complete by the end of the - Answer-3rd year of life
CNS is most susceptible to malformations from - Answer-day 14 to week 20
completely open brain and spinal cord at birth - Answer-cranial rachischisis (usually
results in fetal death)
,rudimentary brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. cranial end
(superior neuropore) of the neural tube doesn't close - Answer-anencephaly (usually
results from fetal death)
sac like protrusion through the opening of the skull (anterior or posterior). failure of
neural tube to close. hydrocephalus, ataxia, spastic quadraplegia - Answer-
Encephalocele (this is operable)
the left sternocleidomastoid is controlled by the - Answer-left cortex
cerebral is contralateral or ipsilateral - Answer-contralateral
cerebellar is contralateral or ipsilateral - Answer-ipsilateral
bundles of axons in the PNS - Answer-nerves
bundles of neuron cell bodies in the PNS - Answer-ganglia
collections of axons in the CNS - Answer-tracts
grouping of cell bodies in the CNS - Answer-nuclei
junction of a nerve cell and another cell - Answer-synapse
all ganglia are in the peripheral nervous system. t/f - Answer-false
utero stages - Answer-pre-embryonic; embryonic; fetal
pre-embryonic stage is from - Answer-conception to day 14
pre embryonic stage outline - Answer-1. single cell fertilized ovum
2. 4 cell stage
3. solid sphere of cells
the inner mass of cells in the pre-embryonic stage are going to become the -
Answer-embryo
the outer cells in the pre-embryonic stage are going to contribute to the - Answer-
placenta
embryonic stage is from - Answer-day 15 to end of 8th week
mesoderm begins to form in the - Answer-embryonic stage
ectoderm is going to become - Answer-sensory organs, epidermis, nervous system
mesoderm is going to become - Answer-dermis, muscles, skeletal, excretory,
circulatory
,endoderm is going to become - Answer-gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory
neural groove forms around - Answer-day 18
neural tube forms around and is completed around - Answer-day 21; day 26
somites become the - Answer-vertebra and skull
superior neuropore closes around - Answer-day 27
inferior neuropore closes around - Answer-day 30
spina bifida in the cervical spine and occipital bone defect. retroflexed head
backwards and onto spine. scalp is connected to spine. no neck really. - Answer-
iniencephaly (results in still birth)
spina bifida occulta is the mildest form of spina bifida. t.f - Answer-true
incomplete formation of the posterior arch on the spine (around L5 or S1). The
neural tissue does not protrude through the bony defects. The neural tissue is still
contained. (neurofunction can be normal and may be asymptomatic). Has a fawns
tail - Answer-spina bifida occulta
posterior arch is not intact. the meninges (subarachnoid space) is filled with CSF.
can be asymptomatic or could have functional impairment - Answer-spina bifida w/
meningocele
both meninges and spinal cord are protruding in the spinal defect - Answer-spina
bifida w/ myelomeningocele
the neural folds fail to close. the most severe form of spina bifida. spinal cord is
exposed. - Answer-spina bifida w/ myeloschisis
deformity in the hindbrain. not associated with a neural tube defect and is most likely
symptomatic. might have suboccipital headaches or neck pains. sometimes it is
exacerbated by increasing the pressure of coughing or sneezing. Restrictive flow of
CSF which may cause hydrocephalus - Answer-arnold chiari malformation
herniation of a part of the cerebellum that herniates through the foramen magnum. -
Answer-Type 1 arnold chiari malformation
malformation of the brainstem and cerebellum and herniate through the foramen
magnum. and this is associated with progressive hydrocephalus. an associated
myelomeningocele might occur - Answer-type 2 arnold chiari malformation
the end of the spinal cord adheres to one of the lower vertebrae. traction on the
inferior cord. myotomal and dermatomal defects possible. bladder and bowel
disfunction possible. pain in saddle region. Coughing or sneezing may exacerbate
symptoms. Progressive weakness in lower limbs. - Answer-tethered cord syndrome
, provide input to the cell body - Answer-dendrites
output of the cell body - Answer-axons
many dendrites and an axon - Answer-multipolar neuron
has a dendrite and an axon - Answer-bipolar neuron
appears to have an axon and no dendrites - Answer-pseudo-unipolar neuron
transient change in polarity across membrane - Answer-action potential (how
neurons communicate)
this allows the axon action potentials to move in one direction - Answer-the absolute
refractory period
action potentials last about and how fast - Answer-1 millisecond, 60 meters per
second
receive stimuli and TRANSMIT action potentials to other neurons or EFFECTOR
organs - Answer-neurons
SUPPORT and PROTECT neurons - Answer-glial cells
1. supporting organ structure
2. helping produce CSF
3. responding to inflammation and infection
4. forming myelin sheaths around axons (important)
5. providing nutrients - Answer-functions of glial cells
myelinated neurons may conduct action potentials at a speed of - Answer-45-130
meters per second
the thicker fiber diameter, the faster it is going to conduct signals in myelinated
axons. t/f - Answer-true
cells in the CNS that produce myelin - Answer-oligodendrocytes (this is a type of glial
cell)
cells in the PNS that produce myelin - Answer-schwann cells ( this is a type of glial
cell)
insulate the axons and speed transmission - Answer-myelin sheaths
star shaped cell that processes from feet that cover the surfaces of neurons and
blood vessels and the pia mater. they produce chemicals that help form tight
junctions. this helps regulate what substances reach the CNS from the blood. helps
form BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. also regulates extracellular brain fluid composition -
Answer-astrocytes ( this is a glial cell in CNS)
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
brain formation begins on day _______ and consists of - Answer-28;
prosencephalon (forebrain); mesencephalon (midbrain); rhombencephalon
(hindbrain);
part of telencephalon - Answer-cerebral hemispheres; cerebral cortex; subcortical
white matter; basal ganglia
growth of the cerebral hemispheres happens - Answer-ventralaterally
midbrain tetum; midbrain tegmentum; cerebrl peduncles are part of the - Answer-
midbrain (mesencephalon)
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) is part of the _________part of the hindbrain
- Answer-rostral
the myelencephalon (medulla) is part of the _________ part of the hindbrain -
Answer-posterior
5 enlargements have formed around - Answer-day 40
fetal stage is from - Answer-end of 8th week to birth
gyri and sulci begin to show and form around - Answer-6 months
full gestation of brain is around - Answer-9 months
at birth the conus medullaris is around - Answer-l3
in an adults, the connus medullaris is around - Answer-L1-l2
epithelial cells lining the neural tube become - Answer-neurons and glia
the neurons that develop from the epithelial cells lining the neural tube go to -
Answer-target cells (which form synapses)
meyelination begins in the - Answer-4th fetal month
most myelin sheaths complete by the end of the - Answer-3rd year of life
CNS is most susceptible to malformations from - Answer-day 14 to week 20
completely open brain and spinal cord at birth - Answer-cranial rachischisis (usually
results in fetal death)
,rudimentary brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. cranial end
(superior neuropore) of the neural tube doesn't close - Answer-anencephaly (usually
results from fetal death)
sac like protrusion through the opening of the skull (anterior or posterior). failure of
neural tube to close. hydrocephalus, ataxia, spastic quadraplegia - Answer-
Encephalocele (this is operable)
the left sternocleidomastoid is controlled by the - Answer-left cortex
cerebral is contralateral or ipsilateral - Answer-contralateral
cerebellar is contralateral or ipsilateral - Answer-ipsilateral
bundles of axons in the PNS - Answer-nerves
bundles of neuron cell bodies in the PNS - Answer-ganglia
collections of axons in the CNS - Answer-tracts
grouping of cell bodies in the CNS - Answer-nuclei
junction of a nerve cell and another cell - Answer-synapse
all ganglia are in the peripheral nervous system. t/f - Answer-false
utero stages - Answer-pre-embryonic; embryonic; fetal
pre-embryonic stage is from - Answer-conception to day 14
pre embryonic stage outline - Answer-1. single cell fertilized ovum
2. 4 cell stage
3. solid sphere of cells
the inner mass of cells in the pre-embryonic stage are going to become the -
Answer-embryo
the outer cells in the pre-embryonic stage are going to contribute to the - Answer-
placenta
embryonic stage is from - Answer-day 15 to end of 8th week
mesoderm begins to form in the - Answer-embryonic stage
ectoderm is going to become - Answer-sensory organs, epidermis, nervous system
mesoderm is going to become - Answer-dermis, muscles, skeletal, excretory,
circulatory
,endoderm is going to become - Answer-gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory
neural groove forms around - Answer-day 18
neural tube forms around and is completed around - Answer-day 21; day 26
somites become the - Answer-vertebra and skull
superior neuropore closes around - Answer-day 27
inferior neuropore closes around - Answer-day 30
spina bifida in the cervical spine and occipital bone defect. retroflexed head
backwards and onto spine. scalp is connected to spine. no neck really. - Answer-
iniencephaly (results in still birth)
spina bifida occulta is the mildest form of spina bifida. t.f - Answer-true
incomplete formation of the posterior arch on the spine (around L5 or S1). The
neural tissue does not protrude through the bony defects. The neural tissue is still
contained. (neurofunction can be normal and may be asymptomatic). Has a fawns
tail - Answer-spina bifida occulta
posterior arch is not intact. the meninges (subarachnoid space) is filled with CSF.
can be asymptomatic or could have functional impairment - Answer-spina bifida w/
meningocele
both meninges and spinal cord are protruding in the spinal defect - Answer-spina
bifida w/ myelomeningocele
the neural folds fail to close. the most severe form of spina bifida. spinal cord is
exposed. - Answer-spina bifida w/ myeloschisis
deformity in the hindbrain. not associated with a neural tube defect and is most likely
symptomatic. might have suboccipital headaches or neck pains. sometimes it is
exacerbated by increasing the pressure of coughing or sneezing. Restrictive flow of
CSF which may cause hydrocephalus - Answer-arnold chiari malformation
herniation of a part of the cerebellum that herniates through the foramen magnum. -
Answer-Type 1 arnold chiari malformation
malformation of the brainstem and cerebellum and herniate through the foramen
magnum. and this is associated with progressive hydrocephalus. an associated
myelomeningocele might occur - Answer-type 2 arnold chiari malformation
the end of the spinal cord adheres to one of the lower vertebrae. traction on the
inferior cord. myotomal and dermatomal defects possible. bladder and bowel
disfunction possible. pain in saddle region. Coughing or sneezing may exacerbate
symptoms. Progressive weakness in lower limbs. - Answer-tethered cord syndrome
, provide input to the cell body - Answer-dendrites
output of the cell body - Answer-axons
many dendrites and an axon - Answer-multipolar neuron
has a dendrite and an axon - Answer-bipolar neuron
appears to have an axon and no dendrites - Answer-pseudo-unipolar neuron
transient change in polarity across membrane - Answer-action potential (how
neurons communicate)
this allows the axon action potentials to move in one direction - Answer-the absolute
refractory period
action potentials last about and how fast - Answer-1 millisecond, 60 meters per
second
receive stimuli and TRANSMIT action potentials to other neurons or EFFECTOR
organs - Answer-neurons
SUPPORT and PROTECT neurons - Answer-glial cells
1. supporting organ structure
2. helping produce CSF
3. responding to inflammation and infection
4. forming myelin sheaths around axons (important)
5. providing nutrients - Answer-functions of glial cells
myelinated neurons may conduct action potentials at a speed of - Answer-45-130
meters per second
the thicker fiber diameter, the faster it is going to conduct signals in myelinated
axons. t/f - Answer-true
cells in the CNS that produce myelin - Answer-oligodendrocytes (this is a type of glial
cell)
cells in the PNS that produce myelin - Answer-schwann cells ( this is a type of glial
cell)
insulate the axons and speed transmission - Answer-myelin sheaths
star shaped cell that processes from feet that cover the surfaces of neurons and
blood vessels and the pia mater. they produce chemicals that help form tight
junctions. this helps regulate what substances reach the CNS from the blood. helps
form BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. also regulates extracellular brain fluid composition -
Answer-astrocytes ( this is a glial cell in CNS)
