BSNC 5000 FINAL EXAM STUDYING
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
what is the volume of placental blood flow needed to be - Answer-600-700mL/min
what is the pressure in supplying uterine artery - Answer-80-100mmhg
what is the pressure in spiral arteries - Answer-70mmhg
what is the pressure in draining uterine vein - Answer-10mmhg
`what are the maternal intravascular volume changes - Answer-- plasma volume
increases by 1L
- rise in number of RBCs/blood volume
> placental lactogen stimulates kidneys to produce erythoprotein
- dilution gap causes anemia = fewer RBCs dont want thick blood
what are the maternal blood pressure changes - Answer-- BP decreases even though
blood volume increases
- progesterone relaxes smooth muscles in blood vessle walls = decreased systolic BP
and increases blood volume
- relaxin increases systemic arterial blood compliance to reduce peripheral resistance
(vasodilation)
> BP will drop
> decreases effective circulating volume
- effects vasodilation
> non-osmotic release of ADH to retain H2O = prevents hyponatremia
> activation of SNS and RAAS and increases plasma volume for adequate organ
perfusion = SNS tries to vasoconstrict causing increase in RAAS
Third trimester for mom consists of - Answer-28-40 Weeks Gestation Common
Changes:
- Stretch marks on stomach, breasts, thighs
- Dry, itchy skin
- Fatigue
- Doubt, fear about labour
- Pre-labour contractions (Braxton Hicks)
- Leg muscle cramps
- Impatience for the birth
- Hemorrhoids
- Heartburn
- Sudden groin pain
- Shortness of breath
,- Difficulty sleeping
- Increased need to pee
Maternal changes that occur during pregancy - Answer-- uteroplacental circulation
- maternal intravascular volume changes
- blood pressure changes
- cardiovascular changes
- clotting factors
-basal metabolic rate
- pulmonary function
- acid balance
- renal changes
- breast changes
describe the uteroplacental circulation maternal changes - Answer-- ovarian and uterine
arteries supply spiral arteries = increases size and diameter when potential implantation
- endometrium thickens
- implantation of trophoblasts in endometrial lining of uterus, trophoblasts migrate to
spiral arteries and remodel
- maternal arterial circulation through spiral arteries into intravilla space than drains in
maternal veins
- increased maternal blood volume to accommodate blood flow to placenta
- spiral arteries dont respond to pressure changes = surge of blood to spill in intravilla
spaces = gas exchange between mom and fetus
second trimester for mom consists of - Answer-15-27 weeks gestation
- Red inflamed gums/nose bleeds - d/t increased blood pressure from vasodilation
- Leaky breasts - d/t lactogenesis increase
- Stuffy nose - Water retention d/t increased cardiac output and ADH and aldosterone
(RAAS system)
- Increased baby movement - fetal growth
- Lower back pain - growth of fetus and additional weight of baby
- Pubic pain - growth of fetus/pressure of baby weight, increased Relaxin
- Throbbing legs and varicose veins - increase estrogen and increase blood flow
- Swelling of ankle, feet, hands, and hands (tingling) - fluid retention
- Constipation - d/t immobility, fluid retention, increased progesterones relaxing of
smooth muscles in digestive tract
- Line from belly button to pubic area and darkening of face - from increased melanin
production
what are the maternal acid balance changes - Answer-- progesterone stimulates resp
centre
- increased O2 demand = increased RR increasing gas exchange
- decreased PCO2 increases acidity
- chronic resp alkalosis with renal compensation
- moms increase in pH from kidneys compensating by dumping bicarb
, what are the maternal renal changes - Answer-- GFR increases from increased renal
blood flow
- almost a 1L increase in plasma volume = kidney has to filter more = high GFR
- glycosuria due to increase in renal flow and GFR
> placental hormones interfere with insulin actions
> renal tubules cant absorb all the glucose
- hyponatremic state is normal
what are the maternal breast changes - Answer-- breastfeeding convo at 12wks
- increased progesterone and estrogen result in full, heavy, sensitive, tingling
sensations
- nipples and areola get darker + more erect
- sweat glands produce colostrum and protect nipples
- breast inlargement from mammary glands
- increases luteal and placental hormones creates nodules
- breast tissue softer and loer
- stretch marks
- lactation can occur at 16 wks but prevent until estrogen drops
Describe fetal growth and development during pregnancy in first trimester - Answer-- 1
day: Sperm and egg meet
- 7-10 days: Fertilized egg attaches to uterus; placenta begins to form
- Week 2: Embryo forms on uterus wall; menstrual periods stop
- Week 4: Tubular heart beats, primitive eye and ear present, oral cavity forms, stomach
forms, limb buds are present.anterior neural tube closes to form brain, posterior closure
forms spinal cord.
- Week 6: Heart chambers present, fetal heart beats detectable, stomach in final form,
sex glands become testes or ovaries, primitive skeleton is in the process of forming,
oral/nasal cavities and upper lip have formed, muscle mass is beginning to develop,
brain has become differentiated with cranial nerves present.
- Week 8: development of head trunk and limbs allows some movement, digits are
present, development of heart and fetal circulation is complete, all parts of ear are now
assuming final forms.
- Week 10: Neurons appear at the caudal end of spinal cord, brain has basic divisions,
nail growth begins in nails/toes, testosterone physical characteristics in males, bladder
sac now formed.
- Week 12: Clear outline of miniature bones, mouth palate complete, tooth buds,
genitals, and fingernails are formed, bile secretion begins, lungs acquire definitive
shape, thyroid secrete hormones, insulin present in pancreas, fetus is able to move but
cannot be felt, doctor may be able to hear heart beat
Describe fetal growth and development during pregnancy in second trimester - Answer--
16 weeks: baby's hearing is developed and may start moving. Hard and soft palate
differentiating, teeth begin to form, scalp hair appears, now able to note sex, fetal heart
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
what is the volume of placental blood flow needed to be - Answer-600-700mL/min
what is the pressure in supplying uterine artery - Answer-80-100mmhg
what is the pressure in spiral arteries - Answer-70mmhg
what is the pressure in draining uterine vein - Answer-10mmhg
`what are the maternal intravascular volume changes - Answer-- plasma volume
increases by 1L
- rise in number of RBCs/blood volume
> placental lactogen stimulates kidneys to produce erythoprotein
- dilution gap causes anemia = fewer RBCs dont want thick blood
what are the maternal blood pressure changes - Answer-- BP decreases even though
blood volume increases
- progesterone relaxes smooth muscles in blood vessle walls = decreased systolic BP
and increases blood volume
- relaxin increases systemic arterial blood compliance to reduce peripheral resistance
(vasodilation)
> BP will drop
> decreases effective circulating volume
- effects vasodilation
> non-osmotic release of ADH to retain H2O = prevents hyponatremia
> activation of SNS and RAAS and increases plasma volume for adequate organ
perfusion = SNS tries to vasoconstrict causing increase in RAAS
Third trimester for mom consists of - Answer-28-40 Weeks Gestation Common
Changes:
- Stretch marks on stomach, breasts, thighs
- Dry, itchy skin
- Fatigue
- Doubt, fear about labour
- Pre-labour contractions (Braxton Hicks)
- Leg muscle cramps
- Impatience for the birth
- Hemorrhoids
- Heartburn
- Sudden groin pain
- Shortness of breath
,- Difficulty sleeping
- Increased need to pee
Maternal changes that occur during pregancy - Answer-- uteroplacental circulation
- maternal intravascular volume changes
- blood pressure changes
- cardiovascular changes
- clotting factors
-basal metabolic rate
- pulmonary function
- acid balance
- renal changes
- breast changes
describe the uteroplacental circulation maternal changes - Answer-- ovarian and uterine
arteries supply spiral arteries = increases size and diameter when potential implantation
- endometrium thickens
- implantation of trophoblasts in endometrial lining of uterus, trophoblasts migrate to
spiral arteries and remodel
- maternal arterial circulation through spiral arteries into intravilla space than drains in
maternal veins
- increased maternal blood volume to accommodate blood flow to placenta
- spiral arteries dont respond to pressure changes = surge of blood to spill in intravilla
spaces = gas exchange between mom and fetus
second trimester for mom consists of - Answer-15-27 weeks gestation
- Red inflamed gums/nose bleeds - d/t increased blood pressure from vasodilation
- Leaky breasts - d/t lactogenesis increase
- Stuffy nose - Water retention d/t increased cardiac output and ADH and aldosterone
(RAAS system)
- Increased baby movement - fetal growth
- Lower back pain - growth of fetus and additional weight of baby
- Pubic pain - growth of fetus/pressure of baby weight, increased Relaxin
- Throbbing legs and varicose veins - increase estrogen and increase blood flow
- Swelling of ankle, feet, hands, and hands (tingling) - fluid retention
- Constipation - d/t immobility, fluid retention, increased progesterones relaxing of
smooth muscles in digestive tract
- Line from belly button to pubic area and darkening of face - from increased melanin
production
what are the maternal acid balance changes - Answer-- progesterone stimulates resp
centre
- increased O2 demand = increased RR increasing gas exchange
- decreased PCO2 increases acidity
- chronic resp alkalosis with renal compensation
- moms increase in pH from kidneys compensating by dumping bicarb
, what are the maternal renal changes - Answer-- GFR increases from increased renal
blood flow
- almost a 1L increase in plasma volume = kidney has to filter more = high GFR
- glycosuria due to increase in renal flow and GFR
> placental hormones interfere with insulin actions
> renal tubules cant absorb all the glucose
- hyponatremic state is normal
what are the maternal breast changes - Answer-- breastfeeding convo at 12wks
- increased progesterone and estrogen result in full, heavy, sensitive, tingling
sensations
- nipples and areola get darker + more erect
- sweat glands produce colostrum and protect nipples
- breast inlargement from mammary glands
- increases luteal and placental hormones creates nodules
- breast tissue softer and loer
- stretch marks
- lactation can occur at 16 wks but prevent until estrogen drops
Describe fetal growth and development during pregnancy in first trimester - Answer-- 1
day: Sperm and egg meet
- 7-10 days: Fertilized egg attaches to uterus; placenta begins to form
- Week 2: Embryo forms on uterus wall; menstrual periods stop
- Week 4: Tubular heart beats, primitive eye and ear present, oral cavity forms, stomach
forms, limb buds are present.anterior neural tube closes to form brain, posterior closure
forms spinal cord.
- Week 6: Heart chambers present, fetal heart beats detectable, stomach in final form,
sex glands become testes or ovaries, primitive skeleton is in the process of forming,
oral/nasal cavities and upper lip have formed, muscle mass is beginning to develop,
brain has become differentiated with cranial nerves present.
- Week 8: development of head trunk and limbs allows some movement, digits are
present, development of heart and fetal circulation is complete, all parts of ear are now
assuming final forms.
- Week 10: Neurons appear at the caudal end of spinal cord, brain has basic divisions,
nail growth begins in nails/toes, testosterone physical characteristics in males, bladder
sac now formed.
- Week 12: Clear outline of miniature bones, mouth palate complete, tooth buds,
genitals, and fingernails are formed, bile secretion begins, lungs acquire definitive
shape, thyroid secrete hormones, insulin present in pancreas, fetus is able to move but
cannot be felt, doctor may be able to hear heart beat
Describe fetal growth and development during pregnancy in second trimester - Answer--
16 weeks: baby's hearing is developed and may start moving. Hard and soft palate
differentiating, teeth begin to form, scalp hair appears, now able to note sex, fetal heart
