MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, SIXTH EDITION
c c c c c c
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
c c c c c
© cGarland cScience c2015
1 Scientists cdiscover cmore cthan cten cthousand cnew cspecies cof cliving corganisms cevery cyear.
c What cis cshared cbetween call cof cthese corganisms?
A. They care cmade cof ccells, cwhose cnuclei cenclose ctheir cDNA.
B. They cobtain ctheir cenergy cfrom csunlight.
C. They cproduce cand cuse cadenosine ctriphosphate c(ATP).
D. Their cgenome ccontains cat cleast c1000 cgenes.
E. All cof cthe cabove.
2 All ccells c…
A. have cmembrane ctransport cproteins.
B. synthesize cproteins con cthe cribosome.
C. replicate ctheir cgenome cby cDNA cpolymerization.
D. transcribe ctheir cgenetic cinformation cby cRNA cpolymerization.
E. All cof cthe cabove.
3 Imagine ca csegment cof cDNA c(within ca cgene) cencoding ca ccertain camount cof cinformation cin
cits cnucleotide csequence. cWhen cthis csegment cis cfully ctranscribed cinto cmRNA cand cthen ctranslated
cinto cprotein, cin cgeneral, c…
A. the cprotein csequence cwould ccarry cmore cinformation ccompared cto cthe cDNA cand
cmRNA csequences, cbecause cits calphabet chas c20 cletters.
c B. c the cprotein csequence cwould ccarry cless cinformation ccompared cto cthe cDNA cand cmRNA
sequences, cbecause cseveral ccodons ccan ccorrespond cto cone camino cacid.
c
C. the camount cof cinformation cin cthe cmRNA csequence cis clower, cbecause cthe cmRNA chas
cbeen ctranscribed cusing conly cone cof cthe cDNA cstrands cas cthe ctemplate.
D. the camount cof cinformation cin cthe cmRNA csequence cis chigher, cbecause cseveral cmRNA
cmolecules ccan cbe ctranscribed cfrom cone cDNA cmolecule.
4 Which cof cthe cfollowing cprocesses cthat chappens cinside ca ccell cDOES cNOT cnormally
crequire cconsumption cof cfree cenergy cby cthe ccell?
, A. Replication cof cthe cgenetic cmaterial
B. Import cof cnutrients cfrom cthe cenvironment
C. Diffusion cof csmall cmolecules cwithin cthe ccell
D. Regulation cof cgene cexpression
E. Synthesis cof cenzymes cthat ccatalyze ccellular creactions
5 Which cof cthe cfollowing cwould cyou cNc OT cexpect cto cfind cin ca cbacterial ccell?
A. Swimming cusing cflagella
B. Having ca ccell cwall caround cthe cplasma cmembrane
c C. c ATP cproduction cin cmitochondria
D. Protein cproduction con cthe cribosome
E. Sexual cexchange cof cDNA cwith cother cbacteria
6 To ctrace cfamily crelationships cbetween cdistantly crelated corganisms csuch cas chumans,
calgae, cbacteria, cand carchaea, cone cshould ccompare ctheir cgenomes cin cregions c…
A. that cevolve crapidly.
B. that chave ca chigher cmutation crate.
C. that ccode cfor cproteins.
D. where cmutations care chardly ctolerated.
E. where cmost cmutations care cselectively cneutral.
7 Laboratory cstrains cof cthe cmodel corganism cEscherichia ccoli cthat care cresistant cto
cantibiotics care cvery coften cused cin cresearch claboratories cas cwell cas cin cthe cbiotechnology cindustry.
c If ccultures c of csuch cbacteria cwere callowed cto ccontaminate cthe cenvironment cuncontrollably, cit cis
cpossible cthat c at csome cpoint, cpathogenic cbacteria csuch cas cNeisseria cmeningitidis c(which ccauses
cmeningitis cand ccan ccause cdeath, cespecially cin cchildren) ccould cacquire cthe csame cantibiotic-
resistance cgene, c causing ca cmeningitis coutbreak cthat cis cdifficult cto ctreat. cIn cthis cscenario, cwhich
cof cthe cfollowing cmechanisms cis ca cmore clikely csource cof cthe cantibiotic-resistance cgene cin cN.
cmeningitidis?
A. Random cnew cgene cgeneration
B. Intragenic cmutation
C. Gene cduplication
D. DNA csegment cshuffling
E. Horizontal cgene ctransfer
8 A cvirus c…
A. is ca ctype cof ccell.
, B. has cgenetic cmaterial cmade cof cproteins.
C. can conly cinfect ca csingle chost cspecies.
D. can cact cas ca cvector cfor cgene ctransfer.
E. cannot cpersist cin cits chost cfor cmore cthan cone ccell cgeneration.
9 Which cof cthe cfollowing cdoes cNOT ctypically cinvolve chorizontal cgene ctransfer?
A. Sexual creproduction cin chumans
B. Bacteriophage cinfection cof cbacteria
C. The cevolutionary chistory cof cthe ceukaryotic ccell
D. The caccidental cduplication cof ca csmall cregion cof ca cbacterial cchromosome cfollowed cby
c cell cdivision
E. Introduction cof cplasmids cinto cbacteria cin ca claboratory
10 Gene cduplication ccan cgive crise cto chomologous cgenes cthat care cpart cof cgene cfamilies. cFor
cexample, cthere care csix cactin cgenes cin cthe cgenome cof cmost cmammalian cspecies. cIn chumans, cthe
cACTB cgene, cwhich cencodes ca ccytoskeletal cactin, cis cexpressed cubiquitously, cwhile cACTC1 cis
cexpressed cmainly cin ccardiac ccells. cAlthough cbacteria clack cthe ceukaryotic ccytoskeletal
c organization, cthe cbacterial cMreB cgene cbears crecognizable csequence csimilarity cto cmammalian
cactin cgenes cand ccodes cfor ca cprotein cthat cis csimilar cto cactin cin cstructure cand cfunction. cWhich cof
cthe cfollowing cstatements cis ctrue cabout cthese cgenes?
A. ACTB cis chomologous cto cACTC1 cbut cnot cto cMreB.
B. ACTB cis corthologous cto cACTC1 cbut cnot cto cMreB.
C. ACTB cis cparalogous cto cACTC1 cbut cnot cto cMreB.
D. MreB cis corthologous cto cACTB cbut cnot cto cACTC1.
E. ACTB cis cparalogous cto cboth cACTC1 cand cMreB.
11 Out cof cnearly c5000 cprotein-coding cgene cfamilies, cthere cis ca cset cof cnearly c300 cconserved
cgene cfamilies cthat care cfound cin cspecies cfrom call cdomains cof clife. cWhen cone clooks cat cthe cgeneral
functions cassigned cto cthese cgene cfamilies, cit cis cfound cthat c…
c
A. the cmajority cof cthem cfunction cin ccell-to-cell csignaling.
B. the cmajority cof cthem care cpoorly ccharacterized.
C. more c than c one-third c of c them c are c involved c in c translation c or c amino c acid c transport
c and cmc etabolism.
D. more c than c one-half c of c the c shared c families c are c involved c in c DNA c replication
c and c transcription.
E. Nearly call cof cthem care cinvolved cin cenergy cproduction cand ccarbohydrate cmetabolism.
, 12 Which cof cthe cfollowing cis ctrue cregarding cEscherichia ccoli?
A. Most cof cour cunderstanding cabout cmitosis ccomes cfrom cstudies con cthis cmodel corganism.
B. It c is c a c rod-shaped c bacterium c that c can c only c grow c in c the c gut c of c humans c and
c other cvertebrates.
C. Two cstrains cof cE. ccoli ccan cdiffer cby cup cto c0.1% cin ctheir
cgenomes. cDc . c E. ccoli cstrain cK-12 cencodes cabout c4300 cproteins.
E. c The cE. ccoli c(strain cK-12) cgenome cis cabout c430 cmillion cnucleotide cpairs clong.
13 Which cof cthe cfollowing cis cNOT ctrue cregarding cthe ctree cof clife?
A. Most cbacteria cand carchaea chave c1000 cto c6000 cgenes cin ctheir cgenomes.
B. Eukaryotes c are c more c similar c to c archaea c than c to c bacteria c with c respect c to c the
c proteins cthat cact con ctheir cDNA.
C. Most cbacteria cand carchaea chave cgenome csizes cbetween cone cand cten cmillion
cnucleotide cpairs, cwhereas ceukaryotic cgenomes ccan cbe cmillions cof ctimes clarger.
D. Archaeal c species c were c thought c to c belong c to c the c eukaryotic c world c before
c sequence canalysis cplaced cthem cin ca cseparate cdomain cof clife.
E. Photosynthetic cbacteria care cthought cto cbe cthe cancestors cof cthe ceukaryotic cchloroplasts.
14 A cmutation cin cthe ccdc28 cgene cin cthe cbudding cyeast cSaccharomyces ccerevisiae ccauses
ccell- ccycle carrest, cgiving crise cto cunbudded ccells cthat clook clike c―dumbbells.‖ cTreatment cof cwild-
type ccells cwith cnocodazole, ca cdrug cthat cdestabilizes csome ccytoskeletal cpolymers, cleads cto ca
csimilar cphenotype. cBased conly con cthese cobservations, cwhich cstatement cis ctrue cregarding ccdc28?
A. cdc28 ccodes cfor ca cmaster cregulatory ckinase cthat cphosphorylates cother cproteins.
B. Nocodazole cbinds cto cthe cprotein ccoded cby cthe ccdc28 cgene.
C. The cproduct cof cthe ccdc28 cgene cis cresponsible cfor cresistance cto cnocodazole.
D. The cproduct cof cthe ccdc28 cgene cis cinvolved cin ccell ccycle cregulation.
E. The c product c of c cdc28 c destabilizes c the c same c cytoskeletal c polymers c that
c nocodazole calso cdestabilizes.
15 Which cof cthe cfollowing cstructures cis cexclusively cfound cin ceukaryotic ccells?
A. Plasma cmembrane
B. Cell cwall
C. Chromosome
D. Ribosome
E. Lysosome
c c c c c c
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
c c c c c
© cGarland cScience c2015
1 Scientists cdiscover cmore cthan cten cthousand cnew cspecies cof cliving corganisms cevery cyear.
c What cis cshared cbetween call cof cthese corganisms?
A. They care cmade cof ccells, cwhose cnuclei cenclose ctheir cDNA.
B. They cobtain ctheir cenergy cfrom csunlight.
C. They cproduce cand cuse cadenosine ctriphosphate c(ATP).
D. Their cgenome ccontains cat cleast c1000 cgenes.
E. All cof cthe cabove.
2 All ccells c…
A. have cmembrane ctransport cproteins.
B. synthesize cproteins con cthe cribosome.
C. replicate ctheir cgenome cby cDNA cpolymerization.
D. transcribe ctheir cgenetic cinformation cby cRNA cpolymerization.
E. All cof cthe cabove.
3 Imagine ca csegment cof cDNA c(within ca cgene) cencoding ca ccertain camount cof cinformation cin
cits cnucleotide csequence. cWhen cthis csegment cis cfully ctranscribed cinto cmRNA cand cthen ctranslated
cinto cprotein, cin cgeneral, c…
A. the cprotein csequence cwould ccarry cmore cinformation ccompared cto cthe cDNA cand
cmRNA csequences, cbecause cits calphabet chas c20 cletters.
c B. c the cprotein csequence cwould ccarry cless cinformation ccompared cto cthe cDNA cand cmRNA
sequences, cbecause cseveral ccodons ccan ccorrespond cto cone camino cacid.
c
C. the camount cof cinformation cin cthe cmRNA csequence cis clower, cbecause cthe cmRNA chas
cbeen ctranscribed cusing conly cone cof cthe cDNA cstrands cas cthe ctemplate.
D. the camount cof cinformation cin cthe cmRNA csequence cis chigher, cbecause cseveral cmRNA
cmolecules ccan cbe ctranscribed cfrom cone cDNA cmolecule.
4 Which cof cthe cfollowing cprocesses cthat chappens cinside ca ccell cDOES cNOT cnormally
crequire cconsumption cof cfree cenergy cby cthe ccell?
, A. Replication cof cthe cgenetic cmaterial
B. Import cof cnutrients cfrom cthe cenvironment
C. Diffusion cof csmall cmolecules cwithin cthe ccell
D. Regulation cof cgene cexpression
E. Synthesis cof cenzymes cthat ccatalyze ccellular creactions
5 Which cof cthe cfollowing cwould cyou cNc OT cexpect cto cfind cin ca cbacterial ccell?
A. Swimming cusing cflagella
B. Having ca ccell cwall caround cthe cplasma cmembrane
c C. c ATP cproduction cin cmitochondria
D. Protein cproduction con cthe cribosome
E. Sexual cexchange cof cDNA cwith cother cbacteria
6 To ctrace cfamily crelationships cbetween cdistantly crelated corganisms csuch cas chumans,
calgae, cbacteria, cand carchaea, cone cshould ccompare ctheir cgenomes cin cregions c…
A. that cevolve crapidly.
B. that chave ca chigher cmutation crate.
C. that ccode cfor cproteins.
D. where cmutations care chardly ctolerated.
E. where cmost cmutations care cselectively cneutral.
7 Laboratory cstrains cof cthe cmodel corganism cEscherichia ccoli cthat care cresistant cto
cantibiotics care cvery coften cused cin cresearch claboratories cas cwell cas cin cthe cbiotechnology cindustry.
c If ccultures c of csuch cbacteria cwere callowed cto ccontaminate cthe cenvironment cuncontrollably, cit cis
cpossible cthat c at csome cpoint, cpathogenic cbacteria csuch cas cNeisseria cmeningitidis c(which ccauses
cmeningitis cand ccan ccause cdeath, cespecially cin cchildren) ccould cacquire cthe csame cantibiotic-
resistance cgene, c causing ca cmeningitis coutbreak cthat cis cdifficult cto ctreat. cIn cthis cscenario, cwhich
cof cthe cfollowing cmechanisms cis ca cmore clikely csource cof cthe cantibiotic-resistance cgene cin cN.
cmeningitidis?
A. Random cnew cgene cgeneration
B. Intragenic cmutation
C. Gene cduplication
D. DNA csegment cshuffling
E. Horizontal cgene ctransfer
8 A cvirus c…
A. is ca ctype cof ccell.
, B. has cgenetic cmaterial cmade cof cproteins.
C. can conly cinfect ca csingle chost cspecies.
D. can cact cas ca cvector cfor cgene ctransfer.
E. cannot cpersist cin cits chost cfor cmore cthan cone ccell cgeneration.
9 Which cof cthe cfollowing cdoes cNOT ctypically cinvolve chorizontal cgene ctransfer?
A. Sexual creproduction cin chumans
B. Bacteriophage cinfection cof cbacteria
C. The cevolutionary chistory cof cthe ceukaryotic ccell
D. The caccidental cduplication cof ca csmall cregion cof ca cbacterial cchromosome cfollowed cby
c cell cdivision
E. Introduction cof cplasmids cinto cbacteria cin ca claboratory
10 Gene cduplication ccan cgive crise cto chomologous cgenes cthat care cpart cof cgene cfamilies. cFor
cexample, cthere care csix cactin cgenes cin cthe cgenome cof cmost cmammalian cspecies. cIn chumans, cthe
cACTB cgene, cwhich cencodes ca ccytoskeletal cactin, cis cexpressed cubiquitously, cwhile cACTC1 cis
cexpressed cmainly cin ccardiac ccells. cAlthough cbacteria clack cthe ceukaryotic ccytoskeletal
c organization, cthe cbacterial cMreB cgene cbears crecognizable csequence csimilarity cto cmammalian
cactin cgenes cand ccodes cfor ca cprotein cthat cis csimilar cto cactin cin cstructure cand cfunction. cWhich cof
cthe cfollowing cstatements cis ctrue cabout cthese cgenes?
A. ACTB cis chomologous cto cACTC1 cbut cnot cto cMreB.
B. ACTB cis corthologous cto cACTC1 cbut cnot cto cMreB.
C. ACTB cis cparalogous cto cACTC1 cbut cnot cto cMreB.
D. MreB cis corthologous cto cACTB cbut cnot cto cACTC1.
E. ACTB cis cparalogous cto cboth cACTC1 cand cMreB.
11 Out cof cnearly c5000 cprotein-coding cgene cfamilies, cthere cis ca cset cof cnearly c300 cconserved
cgene cfamilies cthat care cfound cin cspecies cfrom call cdomains cof clife. cWhen cone clooks cat cthe cgeneral
functions cassigned cto cthese cgene cfamilies, cit cis cfound cthat c…
c
A. the cmajority cof cthem cfunction cin ccell-to-cell csignaling.
B. the cmajority cof cthem care cpoorly ccharacterized.
C. more c than c one-third c of c them c are c involved c in c translation c or c amino c acid c transport
c and cmc etabolism.
D. more c than c one-half c of c the c shared c families c are c involved c in c DNA c replication
c and c transcription.
E. Nearly call cof cthem care cinvolved cin cenergy cproduction cand ccarbohydrate cmetabolism.
, 12 Which cof cthe cfollowing cis ctrue cregarding cEscherichia ccoli?
A. Most cof cour cunderstanding cabout cmitosis ccomes cfrom cstudies con cthis cmodel corganism.
B. It c is c a c rod-shaped c bacterium c that c can c only c grow c in c the c gut c of c humans c and
c other cvertebrates.
C. Two cstrains cof cE. ccoli ccan cdiffer cby cup cto c0.1% cin ctheir
cgenomes. cDc . c E. ccoli cstrain cK-12 cencodes cabout c4300 cproteins.
E. c The cE. ccoli c(strain cK-12) cgenome cis cabout c430 cmillion cnucleotide cpairs clong.
13 Which cof cthe cfollowing cis cNOT ctrue cregarding cthe ctree cof clife?
A. Most cbacteria cand carchaea chave c1000 cto c6000 cgenes cin ctheir cgenomes.
B. Eukaryotes c are c more c similar c to c archaea c than c to c bacteria c with c respect c to c the
c proteins cthat cact con ctheir cDNA.
C. Most cbacteria cand carchaea chave cgenome csizes cbetween cone cand cten cmillion
cnucleotide cpairs, cwhereas ceukaryotic cgenomes ccan cbe cmillions cof ctimes clarger.
D. Archaeal c species c were c thought c to c belong c to c the c eukaryotic c world c before
c sequence canalysis cplaced cthem cin ca cseparate cdomain cof clife.
E. Photosynthetic cbacteria care cthought cto cbe cthe cancestors cof cthe ceukaryotic cchloroplasts.
14 A cmutation cin cthe ccdc28 cgene cin cthe cbudding cyeast cSaccharomyces ccerevisiae ccauses
ccell- ccycle carrest, cgiving crise cto cunbudded ccells cthat clook clike c―dumbbells.‖ cTreatment cof cwild-
type ccells cwith cnocodazole, ca cdrug cthat cdestabilizes csome ccytoskeletal cpolymers, cleads cto ca
csimilar cphenotype. cBased conly con cthese cobservations, cwhich cstatement cis ctrue cregarding ccdc28?
A. cdc28 ccodes cfor ca cmaster cregulatory ckinase cthat cphosphorylates cother cproteins.
B. Nocodazole cbinds cto cthe cprotein ccoded cby cthe ccdc28 cgene.
C. The cproduct cof cthe ccdc28 cgene cis cresponsible cfor cresistance cto cnocodazole.
D. The cproduct cof cthe ccdc28 cgene cis cinvolved cin ccell ccycle cregulation.
E. The c product c of c cdc28 c destabilizes c the c same c cytoskeletal c polymers c that
c nocodazole calso cdestabilizes.
15 Which cof cthe cfollowing cstructures cis cexclusively cfound cin ceukaryotic ccells?
A. Plasma cmembrane
B. Cell cwall
C. Chromosome
D. Ribosome
E. Lysosome
