Patho, UTA test 2 EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
natural immunity - correct answer- resistance that exists prior to exposure of a microbe;
born with
natural immunity - correct answer- nonspecific barriers such as skin, mucous
membranes, certain cells, certain proteins, and involves inflammation and phagocytosis
phagocytic cells - correct answer- cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies
or toxins; neutrophils, macrophages, and dendrititic cells
Neutrophils - correct answer- present during acute inflammation; responsible for
engulfing microbes and kills them by using cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase which is toxic
to pathogens
macrophages - correct answer- derived from monocytes
dendritic cells - correct answer- engulf antigens in the epithelia of the skin, GI and
respiratory tracts
antigen presenting cells - correct answer- dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
natural killer cells - correct answer- A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells
and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
complement - correct answer- compromised of a collection of proteins formed by a
cascade of events; form the membrane attack complex and lyse a pathogens cell
membrane
,Acquired Immunity - correct answer- obtained after exposure to an antigen; improves
with repeated exposure and is specific; basis for vaccinations
Passive immunity - correct answer- acquired via the transfer of antibodies, or T-cells to
the recipient
natural passive immunity - correct answer- mother to fetus
artificial passive immunity - correct answer- antibodies are given to a recipient to
provide immunity; used to treat rabies, tetanus, hepatitis, and snake bites; provides
immediate immunity but only lasts a couple of weeks
humoral immunity - correct answer- conferred by the B-cells; provides immunity
against some viral infections, toxin induced diseases and diseases caused by
pneumococci, meningococci, haemophilus
cell mediated immunity - correct answer- conferred by T-cells; active against cells
infected with intracellular bacteria or viruses; defends against cancer, fungal infections,
parasitic infections, tumors, and is responsible for organ transplantation rejection
bone marrow - correct answer- responsible for the production of immune cells and the
maturation of B cells
thymus - correct answer- provides a site for T cell differentiation, maturation, and
selection
spleen - correct answer- contains blood filled sinuses which filter antigens and cells
from the blood; red pulp: location of red blood cell storage and turnover; white pulp:
immune cell interaction occurs; persons without this organ are at increased risk for
infection especially ones caused by streptococcal bacteria
CD4 cells (T-helper, T4 cells) - correct answer- function to activate macrophages, B-
cells, cytotoxic T-cells and other CD4 cells; release lymphokines that begin the
inflammatory process and mediate delayed hypersensitivity reactions; ex TB skin test
CG8 cells - correct answer- cytotoxic cells; function to kill virus infected cells, tumor
cells and allograft cells(transplant tissue) directly through the release of cytotoxic
chemicals which destroy the cell membrane or induce apotosis
IgG - correct answer- binds with viruses, bacteria and toxins; activates complement
and binds to macrophages; primary antibody in the secondary immune response; only
one that crosses the placenta
IgE - correct answer- binds to mast cells, eosinophils and basophils; involved in
parasitic infections and hypersensitivities
, IgM - correct answer- main immune globulin produced early in the primary immune
response; a high level will indicate a recent infection
IgA - correct answer- main immune globulin in secretions and mucous membranes;
prevents the attachments of microorganisms to the mucous membranes
T regulatory cells - correct answer- slow or stop the immune response once the
invader is defeated
activation of T Cells - correct answer- antigen enters host cell-> macrophage engulfs
antigen-> antigen is expressed on MHC class II-> secretes IL 1 to attract CD4 cells->
presents it to CD4 cells-> CD4 differentiates into Th1 and Th2-> Th1 releases IL2->
activated cytotoxic T-cells-> Tc receptor connects w/ MHC class 1 receptor on invader->
cytotoxic chemicals released -> invader killed. Th2 releases IL4-> activates humoral
immune system
activation of humoral immunity - correct answer- B-cells stimulated by release of IL4->
B-cells differentiate into plasma cells-> produce antibodies and memory B cells
memory B-cells - correct answer- act during secondary immune response and will
remember the antigen; serve to trigger production of antibodies much sooner during
secondary immune response than during primary immune response
primary immune response - correct answer- happens within 5-7 days; rise of IgM
antibodies and later IgG will rise
secondary immune response - correct answer- when the immune system is exposed to
the same antigen; anamnestic immune response; IgG levels increase more
neonate immune system - correct answer- immature immune system
fetus immune system - correct answer- in the last trimester can produce IgM
antibodies; receives mothers antibodies through placenta
age related changes with the immune system - correct answer- decreased T-cell
activity;B-cells produce less antibodies, decrease in the amount of circulating memory
B-cells and and increase in the circulation of autoantibodies
Type 1 hypersensitivity - correct answer- immediate; occurs minutes to hours after
exposure
how the type 1 hypersensitivity occurs - correct answer- exposure to allergen-> IgE
binds with allergen-> primes the stage for rxn to occur later-> reexposure-> allergen
binds with previously formed antigen IgE complex-> mast cells detects complex and
begins to degranulate-> releases histamine and triggers inflammatory cascade
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
natural immunity - correct answer- resistance that exists prior to exposure of a microbe;
born with
natural immunity - correct answer- nonspecific barriers such as skin, mucous
membranes, certain cells, certain proteins, and involves inflammation and phagocytosis
phagocytic cells - correct answer- cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies
or toxins; neutrophils, macrophages, and dendrititic cells
Neutrophils - correct answer- present during acute inflammation; responsible for
engulfing microbes and kills them by using cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase which is toxic
to pathogens
macrophages - correct answer- derived from monocytes
dendritic cells - correct answer- engulf antigens in the epithelia of the skin, GI and
respiratory tracts
antigen presenting cells - correct answer- dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
natural killer cells - correct answer- A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells
and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
complement - correct answer- compromised of a collection of proteins formed by a
cascade of events; form the membrane attack complex and lyse a pathogens cell
membrane
,Acquired Immunity - correct answer- obtained after exposure to an antigen; improves
with repeated exposure and is specific; basis for vaccinations
Passive immunity - correct answer- acquired via the transfer of antibodies, or T-cells to
the recipient
natural passive immunity - correct answer- mother to fetus
artificial passive immunity - correct answer- antibodies are given to a recipient to
provide immunity; used to treat rabies, tetanus, hepatitis, and snake bites; provides
immediate immunity but only lasts a couple of weeks
humoral immunity - correct answer- conferred by the B-cells; provides immunity
against some viral infections, toxin induced diseases and diseases caused by
pneumococci, meningococci, haemophilus
cell mediated immunity - correct answer- conferred by T-cells; active against cells
infected with intracellular bacteria or viruses; defends against cancer, fungal infections,
parasitic infections, tumors, and is responsible for organ transplantation rejection
bone marrow - correct answer- responsible for the production of immune cells and the
maturation of B cells
thymus - correct answer- provides a site for T cell differentiation, maturation, and
selection
spleen - correct answer- contains blood filled sinuses which filter antigens and cells
from the blood; red pulp: location of red blood cell storage and turnover; white pulp:
immune cell interaction occurs; persons without this organ are at increased risk for
infection especially ones caused by streptococcal bacteria
CD4 cells (T-helper, T4 cells) - correct answer- function to activate macrophages, B-
cells, cytotoxic T-cells and other CD4 cells; release lymphokines that begin the
inflammatory process and mediate delayed hypersensitivity reactions; ex TB skin test
CG8 cells - correct answer- cytotoxic cells; function to kill virus infected cells, tumor
cells and allograft cells(transplant tissue) directly through the release of cytotoxic
chemicals which destroy the cell membrane or induce apotosis
IgG - correct answer- binds with viruses, bacteria and toxins; activates complement
and binds to macrophages; primary antibody in the secondary immune response; only
one that crosses the placenta
IgE - correct answer- binds to mast cells, eosinophils and basophils; involved in
parasitic infections and hypersensitivities
, IgM - correct answer- main immune globulin produced early in the primary immune
response; a high level will indicate a recent infection
IgA - correct answer- main immune globulin in secretions and mucous membranes;
prevents the attachments of microorganisms to the mucous membranes
T regulatory cells - correct answer- slow or stop the immune response once the
invader is defeated
activation of T Cells - correct answer- antigen enters host cell-> macrophage engulfs
antigen-> antigen is expressed on MHC class II-> secretes IL 1 to attract CD4 cells->
presents it to CD4 cells-> CD4 differentiates into Th1 and Th2-> Th1 releases IL2->
activated cytotoxic T-cells-> Tc receptor connects w/ MHC class 1 receptor on invader->
cytotoxic chemicals released -> invader killed. Th2 releases IL4-> activates humoral
immune system
activation of humoral immunity - correct answer- B-cells stimulated by release of IL4->
B-cells differentiate into plasma cells-> produce antibodies and memory B cells
memory B-cells - correct answer- act during secondary immune response and will
remember the antigen; serve to trigger production of antibodies much sooner during
secondary immune response than during primary immune response
primary immune response - correct answer- happens within 5-7 days; rise of IgM
antibodies and later IgG will rise
secondary immune response - correct answer- when the immune system is exposed to
the same antigen; anamnestic immune response; IgG levels increase more
neonate immune system - correct answer- immature immune system
fetus immune system - correct answer- in the last trimester can produce IgM
antibodies; receives mothers antibodies through placenta
age related changes with the immune system - correct answer- decreased T-cell
activity;B-cells produce less antibodies, decrease in the amount of circulating memory
B-cells and and increase in the circulation of autoantibodies
Type 1 hypersensitivity - correct answer- immediate; occurs minutes to hours after
exposure
how the type 1 hypersensitivity occurs - correct answer- exposure to allergen-> IgE
binds with allergen-> primes the stage for rxn to occur later-> reexposure-> allergen
binds with previously formed antigen IgE complex-> mast cells detects complex and
begins to degranulate-> releases histamine and triggers inflammatory cascade
