NURS 106 FINAL OUTCOMES
1. Define the terms “Anatomy” and “Physiology”.
2. Define each of the following levels of organization that make up the human body:
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, and system.
3. Identify the principle systems of the human body and list representative organs of
each system.
4. Describe the orientation of the human body in the anatomical position.
5. Define several directional terms used in association with the anatomical position of
the human body.
6. List and describe the types of body movements that can occur at various joints, for
example, abduction, adduction, flexion and extension, etc.
7. Describe the principal body cavities, the organs they contain.
8. Name and describe the abdominopelvic quadrants. Understand the clinical application
of abdominopelvic quadrants.
9. Discuss the principle of homeostasis as a central theme of physiology
10. Describe the components of a feedback system.
11. Describe the nature of negative and positive feedback loops and explain how these
mechanisms help to maintain homeostasis.
12. Describe the basic composition of matter.
13. Define the terms atomic mass and atomic number
14. Explain the formation of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
bonds.
15. Distinguish between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds
16. Define a chemical reaction and describe the various types of chemical reactions.
17. Differentiate between inorganic and organic chemicals
18. Define the term “carbohydrate, and list the functions of carbohydrates in the body.
19. Define the term “lipid” and list the functions of lipids in the body.
20. Define the term “protein” and list the main functions of proteins.
21. Define the term “nucleic acid” and describe the structure of a nucleotide.
22. Describe briefly the steps of protein synthesis.
23. Explain how RNA is produced according to the genetic information in DNA and
distinguish between the different types of RNA.
24. Outline the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis.
25. Describe the events that occur in meiosis, and compare them to those that occur in
mitosis.
26. Define a cell and list its principal parts.
27. Describe the structure of the plasma (cell) membrane and explain its functional
significance.
28. Describe the structure and functions of the following cellular structures: cytoplasm,
nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, mitochondria,
vaults, lysosomes, perioxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, flagella, and cilia.
29. Describe the structure and composition of plasma membrane and different types of
cell to cell adhesions.
30. Compare and contrast passive and active cell transport processes.
31. Describe the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
32. Define the term tonicity and distinguish between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
solutions.
33. Describe the characteristics of active transport.
34. Compare exocytosis and endocytosis for similarities and differences.
35. Define the term “tissues”, and classify the tissues of the body into 4 major types.
36. Discuss the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue.
, 37. List the structure, location and function for the basic types of epithelial tissue.
38. Discuss the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue.
39. List the structure, function, and location of the basic types of connective tissue.
40. Define the term “membrane” and describe the location and functions of the
membranes listed below:
1. mucous membrane (mucosa)
2. serous membrane (serosa)
3. cutaneous membrane
4. synovial membrane
41. Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue with regard to structure,
function and location.
42. Discuss the basic structure and function of neural tissue
43. Define the term integumentary system and describe the functions.
44. Identify the four types of cells found within the epidermis and their protective
functions.
45. Explain the basis for different skin colour.
46. List and identify the various type of glands associated with the skin.
47. Compare and contrast sebaceous and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
48. Identify the different types of bone cells and list the functions of each.
49. Describe the histological features of bone tissues.
50. List and describe the gross feature of a long bone.
51. Classify bones on the basis of their shapes, locations and give examples for each
type.
52. Describe how the skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular divisions.
53. Identify the bones of the axial skeleton.
54. Identify the bones of the skull and sutures.
55. Skull bone
1. Identify the sutures
2. Identify the cranial bones, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, mastoid
process (feel in your head)
3. Identify the facial bones, maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic bone
4. Identify the foramen magnum
5. Identify the names and functions of paranasal sinuses
56. Describe the general structure of vertebrae and explain the primary and secondary
curves.
1. Count the number of vertebral bones and identify cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
sacrum and coccyx
2. Describe the atlas, axis, and features of typical cervical vertebra
3. Describe the special characteristic features of cervical, thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae
4. Feel the spinous process of the 7th cervical spine on your neck
57. Identify the parts of the rib cage and compare and contrast the various types of ribs.
1. Count the pairs of ribs, how many true ribs, false and floating ribs? What are
the features?
2. Identify head, neck, costal angle, costal groove and body of the rib bone
3. Count the intercostal spaces on your body. Feel the collar bone and sternal
angle.
4. Identify sternum, sternal angle, suprasternal notch, xiphoid process. Feel for
the trachea at supra sternal notch on your body.
58. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb and their prominent surface
features.
59. Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle and lower limb and their prominent
surface features
1. Define the terms “Anatomy” and “Physiology”.
2. Define each of the following levels of organization that make up the human body:
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, and system.
3. Identify the principle systems of the human body and list representative organs of
each system.
4. Describe the orientation of the human body in the anatomical position.
5. Define several directional terms used in association with the anatomical position of
the human body.
6. List and describe the types of body movements that can occur at various joints, for
example, abduction, adduction, flexion and extension, etc.
7. Describe the principal body cavities, the organs they contain.
8. Name and describe the abdominopelvic quadrants. Understand the clinical application
of abdominopelvic quadrants.
9. Discuss the principle of homeostasis as a central theme of physiology
10. Describe the components of a feedback system.
11. Describe the nature of negative and positive feedback loops and explain how these
mechanisms help to maintain homeostasis.
12. Describe the basic composition of matter.
13. Define the terms atomic mass and atomic number
14. Explain the formation of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
bonds.
15. Distinguish between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds
16. Define a chemical reaction and describe the various types of chemical reactions.
17. Differentiate between inorganic and organic chemicals
18. Define the term “carbohydrate, and list the functions of carbohydrates in the body.
19. Define the term “lipid” and list the functions of lipids in the body.
20. Define the term “protein” and list the main functions of proteins.
21. Define the term “nucleic acid” and describe the structure of a nucleotide.
22. Describe briefly the steps of protein synthesis.
23. Explain how RNA is produced according to the genetic information in DNA and
distinguish between the different types of RNA.
24. Outline the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis.
25. Describe the events that occur in meiosis, and compare them to those that occur in
mitosis.
26. Define a cell and list its principal parts.
27. Describe the structure of the plasma (cell) membrane and explain its functional
significance.
28. Describe the structure and functions of the following cellular structures: cytoplasm,
nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, mitochondria,
vaults, lysosomes, perioxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, flagella, and cilia.
29. Describe the structure and composition of plasma membrane and different types of
cell to cell adhesions.
30. Compare and contrast passive and active cell transport processes.
31. Describe the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
32. Define the term tonicity and distinguish between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
solutions.
33. Describe the characteristics of active transport.
34. Compare exocytosis and endocytosis for similarities and differences.
35. Define the term “tissues”, and classify the tissues of the body into 4 major types.
36. Discuss the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue.
, 37. List the structure, location and function for the basic types of epithelial tissue.
38. Discuss the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue.
39. List the structure, function, and location of the basic types of connective tissue.
40. Define the term “membrane” and describe the location and functions of the
membranes listed below:
1. mucous membrane (mucosa)
2. serous membrane (serosa)
3. cutaneous membrane
4. synovial membrane
41. Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue with regard to structure,
function and location.
42. Discuss the basic structure and function of neural tissue
43. Define the term integumentary system and describe the functions.
44. Identify the four types of cells found within the epidermis and their protective
functions.
45. Explain the basis for different skin colour.
46. List and identify the various type of glands associated with the skin.
47. Compare and contrast sebaceous and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
48. Identify the different types of bone cells and list the functions of each.
49. Describe the histological features of bone tissues.
50. List and describe the gross feature of a long bone.
51. Classify bones on the basis of their shapes, locations and give examples for each
type.
52. Describe how the skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular divisions.
53. Identify the bones of the axial skeleton.
54. Identify the bones of the skull and sutures.
55. Skull bone
1. Identify the sutures
2. Identify the cranial bones, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, mastoid
process (feel in your head)
3. Identify the facial bones, maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic bone
4. Identify the foramen magnum
5. Identify the names and functions of paranasal sinuses
56. Describe the general structure of vertebrae and explain the primary and secondary
curves.
1. Count the number of vertebral bones and identify cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
sacrum and coccyx
2. Describe the atlas, axis, and features of typical cervical vertebra
3. Describe the special characteristic features of cervical, thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae
4. Feel the spinous process of the 7th cervical spine on your neck
57. Identify the parts of the rib cage and compare and contrast the various types of ribs.
1. Count the pairs of ribs, how many true ribs, false and floating ribs? What are
the features?
2. Identify head, neck, costal angle, costal groove and body of the rib bone
3. Count the intercostal spaces on your body. Feel the collar bone and sternal
angle.
4. Identify sternum, sternal angle, suprasternal notch, xiphoid process. Feel for
the trachea at supra sternal notch on your body.
58. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb and their prominent surface
features.
59. Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle and lower limb and their prominent
surface features
